{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386437708","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocad171","title":"Image-encoded biological and non-biological variables may be used as shortcuts in deep learning models trained on multisite neuroimaging data","display_name":"Image-encoded biological and non-biological variables may be used as shortcuts in deep learning models trained on multisite neuroimaging data","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386437708","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocad171","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37669158"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocad171","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocad171","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/jamia/ocad171/51360446/ocad171.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/jamia/ocad171/51360446/ocad171.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021288984","display_name":"Raissa Souza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7455-3383"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Raissa Souza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada","Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada","Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7455-3383","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051753610","display_name":"Matthias Wilms","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8845-360X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802127220","display_name":"Alberta Children's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00sx29x36","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802127220"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthias Wilms","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada","Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada","Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada","Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309","https://openalex.org/I2802127220"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027749940","display_name":"Milton Camacho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5379-5076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Milton Camacho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada","Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada","Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076737365","display_name":"G. Bruce Pike","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8924-683X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G Bruce Pike","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada","Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056049766","display_name":"Richard Camicioli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2977-8660"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131405","display_name":"Women and Children\u2019s Health Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03e04kk51","country_code":"CA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131405"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Camicioli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine (Neurology), Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine (Neurology), Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047","https://openalex.org/I4210131405"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034564754","display_name":"Oury Monchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2148-5409"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126907","display_name":"Institut Universitaire de G\u00e9riatrie de Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/031z68d90","country_code":"CA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126907"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70931966","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/0161xgx34","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oury Monchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de G\u00e9riatrie de Montr\u00e9al , Montr\u00e9al, QC H3W 1W4, Canada","Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada","Department of Radiology, Radio-Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al , Montr\u00e9al, QC H3C 3J7, Canada","Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada","Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de G\u00e9riatrie de Montr\u00e9al , Montr\u00e9al, QC H3W 1W4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126907"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Radio-Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al , Montr\u00e9al, QC H3C 3J7, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040728822","display_name":"Nils D. Forkert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2556-3224"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802127220","display_name":"Alberta Children's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00sx29x36","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802127220"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nils D Forkert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada","Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada","Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada","Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2556-3224","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309","https://openalex.org/I2802127220"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021288984"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"],"apc_list":{"value":3967,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3967},"apc_paid":{"value":3967,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3967},"fwci":2.2147,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88817571,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"12","first_page":"1925","last_page":"1933"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10085","display_name":"Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments","score":0.795199990272522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10085","display_name":"Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments","score":0.795199990272522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10919","display_name":"Neurological disorders and treatments","score":0.13510000705718994,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10863","display_name":"Voice and Speech Disorders","score":0.03999999910593033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.669242799282074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6380361318588257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.584852933883667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5682209134101868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroimaging","display_name":"Neuroimaging","score":0.535727322101593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logistic-regression","display_name":"Logistic regression","score":0.5215278267860413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-resonance-imaging","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","score":0.5054659843444824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jacobian-matrix-and-determinant","display_name":"Jacobian matrix and determinant","score":0.44858667254447937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-imaging","display_name":"Medical imaging","score":0.4197317957878113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3368902802467346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19455111026763916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.12921804189682007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.12584805488586426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.669242799282074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6380361318588257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.584852933883667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5682209134101868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58693492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q551875","display_name":"Neuroimaging","level":2,"score":0.535727322101593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.5215278267860413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143409427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161238","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.5054659843444824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200331156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506041","display_name":"Jacobian matrix and determinant","level":2,"score":0.44858667254447937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.4197317957878113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3368902802467346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19455111026763916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.12921804189682007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.12584805488586426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059906","descriptor_name":"Neuroimaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059906","descriptor_name":"Neuroimaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059906","descriptor_name":"Neuroimaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059906","descriptor_name":"Neuroimaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocad171","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocad171","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/jamia/ocad171/51360446/ocad171.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37669158","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37669158","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10654841","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10654841","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10654841/pdf/ocad171.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Am Med Inform Assoc","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocad171","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocad171","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/jamia/ocad171/51360446/ocad171.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310917","display_name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315912","display_name":"Consortium canadien en neurod\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9rescence associ\u00e9e au vieillissement","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320994","display_name":"Canada Research Chairs","ror":"https://ror.org/0517h6h17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328183","display_name":"Parkinson Vereniging","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329824","display_name":"Canadian Open Neuroscience Platform","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330691","display_name":"Parkinson Association of Alberta","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334506","display_name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","ror":"https://ror.org/01gavpb45"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386437708.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2006517335","https://openalex.org/W2039852288","https://openalex.org/W2055659567","https://openalex.org/W2082704080","https://openalex.org/W2093104890","https://openalex.org/W2117340355","https://openalex.org/W2144314866","https://openalex.org/W2146949897","https://openalex.org/W2159037096","https://openalex.org/W2606702328","https://openalex.org/W2625930818","https://openalex.org/W2765994799","https://openalex.org/W2883617100","https://openalex.org/W2892049953","https://openalex.org/W2893693469","https://openalex.org/W2915053252","https://openalex.org/W2932892795","https://openalex.org/W2961602927","https://openalex.org/W2964175939","https://openalex.org/W2968446587","https://openalex.org/W3016970897","https://openalex.org/W3089424781","https://openalex.org/W3091943846","https://openalex.org/W3092783643","https://openalex.org/W3094108931","https://openalex.org/W3103934428","https://openalex.org/W3155854642","https://openalex.org/W3169941865","https://openalex.org/W3203233031","https://openalex.org/W4210858825","https://openalex.org/W4293199589","https://openalex.org/W4313647794","https://openalex.org/W4365483650","https://openalex.org/W6745656842","https://openalex.org/W6809569641","https://openalex.org/W6842522977"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2007405763","https://openalex.org/W3136087161","https://openalex.org/W1486373823","https://openalex.org/W2119578520","https://openalex.org/W2053762185","https://openalex.org/W2913611334","https://openalex.org/W1984283682","https://openalex.org/W1965257389","https://openalex.org/W2018238589","https://openalex.org/W2145980196"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"This":[1],"work":[2],"investigates":[3],"if":[4],"deep":[5],"learning":[6],"(DL)":[7],"models":[8,97,110,145,198,217],"can":[9,153],"classify":[10,52,101,154],"originating":[11],"site":[12,170],"locations":[13],"directly":[14],"from":[15,63,69,91],"magnetic":[16],"resonance":[17],"imaging":[18],"(MRI)":[19],"scans":[20,38,85,152,192],"with":[21,156],"and":[22,86,123,149,177,230],"without":[23],"correction":[24],"for":[25,44,103],"intensity":[26,209],"differences.":[27],"MATERIAL":[28],"AND":[29],"METHODS:":[30],"A":[31,133],"large":[32],"database":[33],"of":[34,59,117,135,140,159,173,215],"1880":[35],"T1-weighted":[36,75,84,148,151],"MRI":[37,191],"collected":[39],"across":[40],"41":[41],"sites":[42,53,102,155],"originally":[43],"Parkinson's":[45],"disease":[46,121],"(PD)":[47],"classification":[48,171],"was":[49],"used":[50,112],"to":[51,100,113,128,182,218],"in":[54,232],"this":[55],"study.":[56],"Forty-six":[57],"percent":[58],"the":[60,74,115,129,136,162],"datasets":[61],"are":[62,68],"PD":[64],"patients,":[65],"while":[66,161],"54%":[67],"healthy":[70],"participants.":[71],"After":[72],"preprocessing":[73],"scans,":[76],"2":[77],"additional":[78],"data":[79,105,141],"types":[80,139],"were":[81,98,111,180],"generated:":[82],"intensity-harmonized":[83,150],"log-Jacobian":[87,165],"deformation":[88,166],"maps":[89,167],"resulting":[90],"nonlinear":[92],"atlas":[93],"registration.":[94],"Corresponding":[95],"DL":[96,144,216],"trained":[99,146],"each":[104],"type.":[106],"Additionally,":[107],"logistic":[108],"regression":[109],"investigate":[114],"contribution":[116],"biological":[118],"(age,":[119],"sex,":[120],"status)":[122],"non-biological":[124],"(scanner":[125],"type)":[126],"variables":[127],"models'":[130],"decision.":[131],"RESULTS:":[132],"comparison":[134],"3":[137],"different":[138],"revealed":[142],"that":[143,190,197,203],"using":[147,164,207],"an":[157],"accuracy":[158,172],"85%,":[160],"model":[163],"achieved":[168],"a":[169],"54%.":[174],"Disease":[175],"status":[176],"scanner":[178],"type":[179],"found":[181],"be":[183,205],"significant":[184],"confounders.":[185],"DISCUSSION:":[186],"Our":[187],"results":[188],"demonstrate":[189],"encode":[193],"relevant":[194],"site-specific":[195,220],"information":[196],"could":[199],"use":[200],"as":[201,222],"shortcuts":[202,223],"cannot":[204],"removed":[206],"simple":[208],"harmonization":[210],"methods.":[211],"CONCLUSION:":[212],"The":[213],"ability":[214],"exploit":[219],"biases":[221],"raises":[224],"concerns":[225],"about":[226],"their":[227],"reliability,":[228],"generalization,":[229],"deployability":[231],"clinical":[233],"settings.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}