{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385623874","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocad149","title":"LeafAI: query generator for clinical cohort discovery rivaling a human programmer","display_name":"LeafAI: query generator for clinical cohort discovery rivaling a human programmer","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385623874","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocad149","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37550244"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocad149","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocad149","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10654856/pdf/ocad149.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043896692","display_name":"Nicholas J Dobbins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3598-8747"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801852214","display_name":"University of Washington Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00wbzw723","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801852214"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas J Dobbins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics & Medical Education, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA","Department of Research IT, UW Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3598-8747","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics & Medical Education, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801852214"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Research IT, UW Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020795703","display_name":"Bin Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2086-2487"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information School, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information School, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062009708","display_name":"Weipeng Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1215-8043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801852214","display_name":"University of Washington Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00wbzw723","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801852214"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weipeng Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics & Medical Education, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics & Medical Education, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801852214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013086559","display_name":"Kristine F Lan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kristine F Lan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042226870","display_name":"H. Nina Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6710-9666"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H Nina Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060370891","display_name":"Robert A. Harrington","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5450-8676"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Harrington","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070926324","display_name":"\u00d6zlem Uzuner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8011-9850"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u00d6zlem Uzuner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Sciences and Technology, George Mason University , Fairfax, Virginia, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8011-9850","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Sciences and Technology, George Mason University , Fairfax, Virginia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002548520","display_name":"Meliha Yeti\u015fgen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9919-9811"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801852214","display_name":"University of Washington Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00wbzw723","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801852214"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meliha Yetisgen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics & Medical Education, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics & Medical Education, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801852214"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043896692"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I2801852214"],"apc_list":{"value":3967,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3967},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3424,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80848568,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"12","first_page":"1954","last_page":"1964"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.3411000072956085,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.3411000072956085,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10350","display_name":"Electronic Health Records Systems","score":0.20270000398159027,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.1678999960422516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8350844383239746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programmer","display_name":"Programmer","score":0.8122861981391907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unified-medical-language-system","display_name":"Unified Medical Language System","score":0.6041573882102966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.4564436078071594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/query-language","display_name":"Query language","score":0.45255932211875916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3284124732017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3026442527770996}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8350844383239746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778514511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1374194","display_name":"Programmer","level":2,"score":0.8122861981391907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69505689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q455338","display_name":"Unified Medical Language System","level":2,"score":0.6041573882102966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.4564436078071594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192028432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845739","display_name":"Query language","level":2,"score":0.45255932211875916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3284124732017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3026442527770996}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002986","descriptor_name":"Clinical Trials as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002986","descriptor_name":"Clinical Trials as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002986","descriptor_name":"Clinical Trials as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002986","descriptor_name":"Clinical Trials as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002986","descriptor_name":"Clinical Trials as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002986","descriptor_name":"Clinical Trials as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017432","descriptor_name":"Unified Medical Language System","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017432","descriptor_name":"Unified Medical Language System","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017432","descriptor_name":"Unified Medical Language System","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017432","descriptor_name":"Unified Medical Language System","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017432","descriptor_name":"Unified Medical Language System","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017432","descriptor_name":"Unified Medical Language System","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D051188","descriptor_name":"Knowledge Bases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051188","descriptor_name":"Knowledge Bases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051188","descriptor_name":"Knowledge Bases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051188","descriptor_name":"Knowledge Bases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051188","descriptor_name":"Knowledge Bases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051188","descriptor_name":"Knowledge Bases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocad149","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocad149","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37550244","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37550244","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10654856","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10654856","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10654856/pdf/ocad149.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Am Med Inform Assoc","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10654856","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10654856","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10654856/pdf/ocad149.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Am Med Inform Assoc","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.699999988079071}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G167674041","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UL1TR002319","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3482708067","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R15LM013209","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8452164253","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UL1TR002319","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337472","funder_display_name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8561184795","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R15LM013209","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337372","funder_display_name":"U.S. National Library of Medicine"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337372","display_name":"U.S. National Library of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0060t0j89"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337472","display_name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04pw6fb54"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385623874.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1126991912","https://openalex.org/W1550258693","https://openalex.org/W2017675395","https://openalex.org/W2034893913","https://openalex.org/W2080656905","https://openalex.org/W2096525273","https://openalex.org/W2100395035","https://openalex.org/W2104608657","https://openalex.org/W2112382973","https://openalex.org/W2131660156","https://openalex.org/W2138239858","https://openalex.org/W2139542062","https://openalex.org/W2145623886","https://openalex.org/W2159092541","https://openalex.org/W2396881363","https://openalex.org/W2407139524","https://openalex.org/W2517388783","https://openalex.org/W2574766467","https://openalex.org/W2582146834","https://openalex.org/W2591382767","https://openalex.org/W2787261861","https://openalex.org/W2909934462","https://openalex.org/W2911661483","https://openalex.org/W2915954436","https://openalex.org/W2952495494","https://openalex.org/W2957349243","https://openalex.org/W2961415574","https://openalex.org/W2981864773","https://openalex.org/W3029278466","https://openalex.org/W3117220677","https://openalex.org/W3118564271","https://openalex.org/W3136708623","https://openalex.org/W3140760072","https://openalex.org/W3157121351","https://openalex.org/W3165625975","https://openalex.org/W3200582386","https://openalex.org/W3209235691","https://openalex.org/W4224039413","https://openalex.org/W4244606935","https://openalex.org/W4280501451","https://openalex.org/W4288089799","https://openalex.org/W4288804705","https://openalex.org/W4404788945","https://openalex.org/W6627291559","https://openalex.org/W6680310457","https://openalex.org/W6769627184","https://openalex.org/W6778456822"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2379153735","https://openalex.org/W622882839","https://openalex.org/W2185017216","https://openalex.org/W2016345697","https://openalex.org/W2003127701","https://openalex.org/W2563868050","https://openalex.org/W2575181596","https://openalex.org/W2138789621","https://openalex.org/W2069107439","https://openalex.org/W2171068308"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"Identifying":[1],"study-eligible":[2],"patients":[3,142,164,177,247],"within":[4],"clinical":[5,12,46,149,184,250],"databases":[6],"is":[7],"a":[8,29,91,112,136,172,197,220,232],"critical":[9],"step":[10],"in":[11,147,194,245],"research.":[13],"However,":[14],"accurate":[15],"query":[16,56,108,224],"design":[17],"typically":[18],"requires":[19,61],"extensive":[20],"technical":[21],"and":[22,70,76,83,101,190],"biomedical":[23],"expertise.":[24],"We":[25,78,155,235],"sought":[26],"to":[27,135,140,187,211],"create":[28],"system":[30,226],"capable":[31,227],"of":[32,55,94,133,161,175,228],"generating":[33],"data":[34,222],"model-agnostic":[35,223],"queries":[36,195,209],"while":[37],"also":[38],"providing":[39],"novel":[40,113],"logical":[41],"reasoning":[42,230],"capabilities":[43],"for":[44,86,115,249],"complex":[45],"trial":[47],"eligibility":[48,59],"criteria.":[49],"MATERIALS":[50],"AND":[51],"METHODS:":[52],"The":[53,201],"task":[54],"creation":[57],"from":[58],"criteria":[60],"solving":[62],"several":[63,212],"text-processing":[64],"problems,":[65],"including":[66],"named":[67],"entity":[68],"recognition":[69],"relation":[71],"extraction,":[72],"sequence-to-sequence":[73],"transformation,":[74],"normalization,":[75],"reasoning.":[77],"incorporated":[79],"hybrid":[80],"deep":[81],"learning":[82],"rule-based":[84],"modules":[85],"these,":[87],"as":[88,90],"well":[89],"knowledge":[92,233],"base":[93],"the":[95,131,159],"Unified":[96],"Medical":[97],"Language":[98],"System":[99],"(UMLS)":[100],"linked":[102],"ontologies.":[103],"To":[104,123],"enable":[105],"data-model":[106],"agnostic":[107],"creation,":[109],"we":[110,129],"introduce":[111],"method":[114],"tagging":[116],"database":[117,138,199],"schema":[118],"elements":[119],"using":[120,231],"UMLS":[121],"concepts.":[122],"evaluate":[124],"our":[125,153],"system,":[126],"called":[127],"LeafAI,":[128],"compared":[130,186,210],"capability":[132],"LeafAI":[134,170,238],"human":[137,198,202,243],"programmer":[139,203,244],"identify":[141],"who":[143],"had":[144],"been":[145],"enrolled":[146,163,176],"8":[148,183],"trials":[150],"conducted":[151],"at":[152],"institution.":[154],"measured":[156],"performance":[157],"by":[158,166,196,214],"number":[160],"actual":[162],"matched":[165,171,189],"generated":[167],"queries.":[168],"RESULTS:":[169],"mean":[173],"43%":[174],"with":[178],"27":[179],"225":[180],"eligible":[181,193,248],"across":[182],"trials,":[185],"27%":[188],"14":[191],"587":[192],"programmer.":[200],"spent":[204],"26":[205],"total":[206],"hours":[207],"crafting":[208],"minutes":[213],"LeafAI.":[215],"CONCLUSIONS:":[216],"Our":[217],"work":[218],"contributes":[219],"state-of-the-art":[221],"generation":[225],"conditional":[229],"base.":[234],"demonstrate":[236],"that":[237],"can":[239],"rival":[240],"an":[241],"experienced":[242],"finding":[246],"trials.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-29T09:16:38.111599","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}