{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4310942459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocac230","title":"Learning from undercoded clinical records for automated International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding","display_name":"Learning from undercoded clinical records for automated International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4310942459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocac230","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36478240"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocac230","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocac230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9933053","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085646235","display_name":"Yucheng Jin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yucheng Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Key Laboratory of Data Science, School of Computer Science, Fudan University , Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2908-2866","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Data Science, School of Computer Science, Fudan University , Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001877137","display_name":"Yun Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8575-5415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136793","display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03qdqbt06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peng Cheng Laboratory , Shenzhen, China","Shanghai Key Laboratory of Data Science, School of Computer Science, Fudan University , Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8575-5415","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peng Cheng Laboratory , Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Data Science, School of Computer Science, Fudan University , Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054938460","display_name":"Shi Dan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2286-6732"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098460","display_name":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00z27jk27","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133418","display_name":"Yueyang Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03yd12021","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133418"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geriatrics, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2286-6732","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geriatrics, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460","https://openalex.org/I4210133418"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057145435","display_name":"Yifei Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3184-9213"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089761","display_name":"West China Hospital of Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/007mrxy13","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089761"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifei Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts, USA","Medical Device Regulatory Research Center/Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3184-9213","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Device Regulatory Research Center/Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976","https://openalex.org/I4210089761"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071709543","display_name":"Lifang He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7810-9071"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186143895","display_name":"Lehigh University","ror":"https://ror.org/012afjb06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186143895"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lifang He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Lehigh University , Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7810-9071","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Lehigh University , Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186143895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100447010","display_name":"Yao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2789-6962"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Key Laboratory of Data Science, School of Computer Science, Fudan University , Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Data Science, School of Computer Science, Fudan University , Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066318724","display_name":"Joseph M. Plasek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9686-3876"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283280774","display_name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6nzv94","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph M Plasek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9686-3876","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016290671","display_name":"Li Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3874-4833"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283280774","display_name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6nzv94","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3874-4833","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036110536","display_name":"David W. Bates","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6268-1540"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283280774","display_name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6nzv94","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David W Bates","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6268-1540","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053515901","display_name":"Chunlei Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6460-0246"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283280774","display_name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6nzv94","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chunlei Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6460-0246","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053515901"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I136199984"],"apc_list":{"value":3967,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3967},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5801,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7226483,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"3","first_page":"438","last_page":"446"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14400","display_name":"Medical Coding and Health Information","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9840999841690063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.8681082725524902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7185243964195251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.6908198595046997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5748111009597778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5239786505699158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.5155972838401794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4748173952102661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.4346044659614563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/missing-data","display_name":"Missing data","score":0.4208250641822815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.350774884223938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.12423673272132874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.8681082725524902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7185243964195251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.6908198595046997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5748111009597778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5239786505699158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.5155972838401794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4748173952102661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.4346044659614563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9357733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6878417","display_name":"Missing data","level":2,"score":0.4208250641822815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.350774884223938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.12423673272132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003422","descriptor_name":"Critical Care","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003422","descriptor_name":"Critical Care","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003422","descriptor_name":"Critical Care","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003422","descriptor_name":"Critical Care","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D038801","descriptor_name":"International Classification of Diseases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D038801","descriptor_name":"International Classification of Diseases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D038801","descriptor_name":"International Classification of Diseases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D038801","descriptor_name":"International Classification of Diseases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocac230","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocac230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36478240","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36478240","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9933053","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9933053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Am Med Inform Assoc","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9933053","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9933053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Am Med Inform Assoc","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2146417320","https://openalex.org/W2396881363","https://openalex.org/W2889577585","https://openalex.org/W2900758626","https://openalex.org/W2920782008","https://openalex.org/W2955553905","https://openalex.org/W2997050424","https://openalex.org/W3158665049","https://openalex.org/W3213934720"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4238897586","https://openalex.org/W435179959","https://openalex.org/W2619091065","https://openalex.org/W2059640416","https://openalex.org/W1490753184","https://openalex.org/W2284465472","https://openalex.org/W2291782699","https://openalex.org/W1993948687","https://openalex.org/W2011676020","https://openalex.org/W2329895846"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVES:":[0],"To":[1,90],"develop":[2],"an":[3],"unbiased":[4,65,163],"objective":[5],"for":[6,52,82,172],"learning":[7,38,62,131,173,201],"automatic":[8,108],"coding":[9],"algorithms":[10],"from":[11,174,217],"clinical":[12,29,176,219],"records":[13,30],"annotated":[14],"with":[15,132,202],"only":[16],"partial":[17],"relevant":[18],"International":[19],"Classification":[20],"of":[21,40,71,121,141,183,199],"Diseases":[22],"codes,":[23],"as":[24,32,56],"annotation":[25,109,149,158,209],"noise":[26,159],"in":[27],"undercoded":[28,175,218],"used":[31],"training":[33,73],"data":[34],"can":[35,116],"mislead":[36],"the":[37,83,93,103,107,118,153,157,181,208],"process":[39],"deep":[41],"neural":[42],"networks.":[43],"MATERIALS":[44],"AND":[45],"METHODS:":[46],"We":[47,59,75],"use":[48],"Medical":[49,111],"Information":[50],"Mart":[51],"Intensive":[53],"Care":[54],"III":[55],"our":[57],"dataset.":[58],"employ":[60],"positive-unlabeled":[61,130,200],"to":[63,80,215],"achieve":[64],"loss":[66,164,179],"estimation,":[67],"which":[68,115],"is":[69,192,211],"free":[70],"misleading":[72],"signal.":[74],"then":[76],"utilize":[77],"reweighting":[78,133,167,203],"mechanism":[79,168],"compensate":[81],"imbalance":[84],"between":[85],"positive":[86],"and":[87,160,166,187,194,204],"negative":[88,185],"samples.":[89],"further":[91,151],"close":[92],"performance":[94],"gap":[95],"caused":[96],"by":[97,106,148,207],"poor":[98],"quality":[99],"annotation,":[100],"we":[101],"integrate":[102],"supervision":[104,146,205],"provided":[105,147,206],"tool":[110,150,210],"Concept":[112],"Annotation":[113],"Toolkit":[114],"ease":[117],"heavy":[119],"burden":[120],"manual":[122],"validation.":[123],"RESULTS:":[124],"Our":[125],"benchmarking":[126],"results":[127],"show":[128],"that":[129],"outperforms":[134],"competitive":[135],"baseline":[136],"methods":[137],"over":[138],"a":[139,212],"range":[140],"missing":[142],"label":[143],"ratios.":[144],"Integrating":[145],"boosted":[152],"performance.":[154],"DISCUSSION:":[155],"Considering":[156],"severe":[161],"imbalance,":[162],"estimation":[165,182,188],"are":[169],"both":[170],"important":[171],"records.":[177,220],"Unbiased":[178],"requires":[180],"false":[184],"ratios":[186],"through":[189],"trained":[190],"models":[191],"practical":[193],"competitive.":[195],"CONCLUSIONS:":[196],"The":[197],"combination":[198],"promising":[213],"solution":[214],"learn":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
