{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4309650827","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocac216","title":"Machine learning approaches for electronic health records phenotyping: a methodical review","display_name":"Machine learning approaches for electronic health records phenotyping: a methodical review","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4309650827","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocac216","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36413056"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocac216","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocac216","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article-pdf/30/2/367/48754702/ocac216.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article-pdf/30/2/367/48754702/ocac216.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083787109","display_name":"Siyue Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1647-2881"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siyue Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110725760","display_name":"Paul Varghese","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Varghese","raw_affiliation_strings":["Verily Life Sciences , Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Verily Life Sciences , Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045220650","display_name":"Ellen Stephenson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1869-0073"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ellen Stephenson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Family & Community Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1869-0073","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Family & Community Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022468464","display_name":"Karen Tu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0883-4934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karen Tu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Family & Community Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Family & Community Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009649911","display_name":"Jessica Gronsbell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5360-5869"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jessica Gronsbell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada","Department of Family & Community Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada","Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Family & Community Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009649911"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"apc_list":{"value":3967,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3967},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.4559,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":113,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99057964,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"2","first_page":"367","last_page":"381"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.5199000239372253,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.5199000239372253,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10350","display_name":"Electronic Health Records Systems","score":0.2298000007867813,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.09440000355243683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.786835789680481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.715359091758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6735727787017822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6121212840080261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.5103465914726257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.47559818625450134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3341638445854187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.11643287539482117}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.786835789680481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.715359091758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6735727787017822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6121212840080261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.5103465914726257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.47559818625450134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3341638445854187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.11643287539482117}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010641","descriptor_name":"Phenotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010641","descriptor_name":"Phenotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010641","descriptor_name":"Phenotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035843","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Research","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D035843","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Research","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D035843","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Research","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocac216","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocac216","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article-pdf/30/2/367/48754702/ocac216.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36413056","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36413056","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9846699","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9846699","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Am Med Inform Assoc","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocac216","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocac216","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article-pdf/30/2/367/48754702/ocac216.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.4000000059604645}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7082218954","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN-2021-03734","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4309650827.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4309650827.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":185,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W580784628","https://openalex.org/W1126991912","https://openalex.org/W1601795611","https://openalex.org/W1808652302","https://openalex.org/W1974660612","https://openalex.org/W1982609346","https://openalex.org/W2050091824","https://openalex.org/W2064337796","https://openalex.org/W2087016914","https://openalex.org/W2105637130","https://openalex.org/W2113952938","https://openalex.org/W2138162199","https://openalex.org/W2159583324","https://openalex.org/W2182748314","https://openalex.org/W2283041611","https://openalex.org/W2317648909","https://openalex.org/W2337688125","https://openalex.org/W2346750198","https://openalex.org/W2356882517","https://openalex.org/W2520392019","https://openalex.org/W2597505554","https://openalex.org/W2604272474","https://openalex.org/W2746791238","https://openalex.org/W2762181533","https://openalex.org/W2765693998","https://openalex.org/W2786221479","https://openalex.org/W2788675884","https://openalex.org/W2789244308","https://openalex.org/W2792604504","https://openalex.org/W2798075524","https://openalex.org/W2799451942","https://openalex.org/W2802889623","https://openalex.org/W2803290558","https://openalex.org/W2804842126","https://openalex.org/W2808129629","https://openalex.org/W2888271319","https://openalex.org/W2893396084","https://openalex.org/W2896568293","https://openalex.org/W2901482671","https://openalex.org/W2902373250","https://openalex.org/W2902537416","https://openalex.org/W2908110597","https://openalex.org/W2908358765","https://openalex.org/W2909322947","https://openalex.org/W2909620035","https://openalex.org/W2911489562","https://openalex.org/W2911982698","https://openalex.org/W2913694856","https://openalex.org/W2916778535","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2940597586","https://openalex.org/W2940606024","https://openalex.org/W2941102086","https://openalex.org/W2941234853","https://openalex.org/W2941471823","https://openalex.org/W2941840911","https://openalex.org/W2941900633","https://openalex.org/W2941989738","https://openalex.org/W2942170251","https://openalex.org/W2944729956","https://openalex.org/W2947903144","https://openalex.org/W2954820957","https://openalex.org/W2954884457","https://openalex.org/W2960642153","https://openalex.org/W2961415574","https://openalex.org/W2963601606","https://openalex.org/W2963955749","https://openalex.org/W2964285624","https://openalex.org/W2964584394","https://openalex.org/W2965414772","https://openalex.org/W2965996113","https://openalex.org/W2969522674","https://openalex.org/W2970198438","https://openalex.org/W2972179913","https://openalex.org/W2972265971","https://openalex.org/W2974400411","https://openalex.org/W2975249097","https://openalex.org/W2979250794","https://openalex.org/W2979745628","https://openalex.org/W2979946792","https://openalex.org/W2980751927","https://openalex.org/W2980904865","https://openalex.org/W2982424689","https://openalex.org/W2982546097","https://openalex.org/W2983214784","https://openalex.org/W2988392567","https://openalex.org/W2989807906","https://openalex.org/W2991319174","https://openalex.org/W2992144222","https://openalex.org/W2993873509","https://openalex.org/W2994642650","https://openalex.org/W2995481601","https://openalex.org/W2996824246","https://openalex.org/W2997629435","https://openalex.org/W3000385575","https://openalex.org/W3011079674","https://openalex.org/W3014994762","https://openalex.org/W3015243948","https://openalex.org/W3016873517","https://openalex.org/W3018626386","https://openalex.org/W3022001143","https://openalex.org/W3023720220","https://openalex.org/W3023843240","https://openalex.org/W3026485417","https://openalex.org/W3026804883","https://openalex.org/W3028131704","https://openalex.org/W3028537074","https://openalex.org/W3029078373","https://openalex.org/W3034386159","https://openalex.org/W3034841376","https://openalex.org/W3040385445","https://openalex.org/W3088156227","https://openalex.org/W3088911909","https://openalex.org/W3091818779","https://openalex.org/W3092793259","https://openalex.org/W3098351838","https://openalex.org/W3101448279","https://openalex.org/W3101973032","https://openalex.org/W3110750669","https://openalex.org/W3111435945","https://openalex.org/W3113123892","https://openalex.org/W3120118518","https://openalex.org/W3127851201","https://openalex.org/W3128717124","https://openalex.org/W3129774053","https://openalex.org/W3130411038","https://openalex.org/W3135523653","https://openalex.org/W3135690330","https://openalex.org/W3136253378","https://openalex.org/W3137761476","https://openalex.org/W3138058568","https://openalex.org/W3140760072","https://openalex.org/W3152019416","https://openalex.org/W3157030838","https://openalex.org/W3157121351","https://openalex.org/W3158674831","https://openalex.org/W3158838517","https://openalex.org/W3164910542","https://openalex.org/W3186728642","https://openalex.org/W3188301986","https://openalex.org/W3189722576","https://openalex.org/W3190901875","https://openalex.org/W3192478068","https://openalex.org/W3193534298","https://openalex.org/W3194761804","https://openalex.org/W3207770250","https://openalex.org/W3209901185","https://openalex.org/W3212450512","https://openalex.org/W4200212713","https://openalex.org/W4205164650","https://openalex.org/W4205475772","https://openalex.org/W4205661472","https://openalex.org/W4206221224","https://openalex.org/W4210312827","https://openalex.org/W4210898640","https://openalex.org/W4213310220","https://openalex.org/W4220989182","https://openalex.org/W4224511660","https://openalex.org/W4282924816","https://openalex.org/W4287466866","https://openalex.org/W4287972336","https://openalex.org/W4307139184","https://openalex.org/W6627291559","https://openalex.org/W6747743772","https://openalex.org/W6761495805","https://openalex.org/W6761633642","https://openalex.org/W6761689443","https://openalex.org/W6761703273","https://openalex.org/W6761709412","https://openalex.org/W6761920641","https://openalex.org/W6762081672","https://openalex.org/W6771659168","https://openalex.org/W6776917888","https://openalex.org/W6777680718","https://openalex.org/W6777888453","https://openalex.org/W6778049000","https://openalex.org/W6783152590","https://openalex.org/W6784091419","https://openalex.org/W6792197975","https://openalex.org/W6793747588","https://openalex.org/W6794329242","https://openalex.org/W6799061369","https://openalex.org/W6802899085","https://openalex.org/W6803298906","https://openalex.org/W6839905784"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2389214306","https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W2965083567","https://openalex.org/W4235240664","https://openalex.org/W1838576100","https://openalex.org/W2757182831","https://openalex.org/W2095886385","https://openalex.org/W2089704382","https://openalex.org/W4380075502","https://openalex.org/W3151146928"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"Accurate":[1],"and":[2,40,64,68,78,87,109,147,157,198,213,235,238],"rapid":[3],"phenotyping":[4,18,47,224],"is":[5,225],"a":[6,106,176],"prerequisite":[7],"to":[8,35,50,153,160,241,246],"leveraging":[9],"electronic":[10],"health":[11],"records":[12],"for":[13,82,182],"biomedical":[14],"research.":[15],"While":[16],"early":[17],"relied":[19],"on":[20,97,195,229],"rule-based":[21,170],"algorithms":[22],"curated":[23],"by":[24],"experts,":[25],"machine":[26],"learning":[27,138,150,159,174],"(ML)":[28],"approaches":[29,165],"have":[30],"emerged":[31],"as":[32,131],"an":[33],"alternative":[34],"improve":[36],"scalability":[37],"across":[38],"phenotypes":[39,58,129,197,244],"healthcare":[41],"settings.":[42],"This":[43],"study":[44],"evaluates":[45],"ML-based":[46,190,223],"with":[48,227],"respect":[49],"(1)":[51],"the":[52,57,61,66,125,140,187],"data":[53,104],"sources":[54],"used,":[55],"(2)":[56],"considered,":[59,121],"(3)":[60],"methods":[62,70,240],"applied,":[63],"(4)":[65],"reporting":[67,234],"evaluation":[69,236],"used.":[71],"MATERIALS":[72],"AND":[73],"METHODS:":[74],"We":[75],"searched":[76],"PubMed":[77],"Web":[79],"of":[80,127,134],"Science":[81],"articles":[83,193,200],"published":[84],"between":[85],"2018":[86],"2022.":[88],"After":[89],"screening":[90],"850":[91],"articles,":[92],"we":[93],"recorded":[94],"37":[95],"variables":[96],"100":[98],"studies.":[99],"RESULTS:":[100],"Most":[101],"studies":[102],"utilized":[103],"from":[105],"single":[107],"institution":[108],"included":[110],"information":[111],"in":[112,189,222,249],"clinical":[113],"notes.":[114],"Although":[115],"chronic":[116],"conditions":[117],"were":[118,151,210],"most":[119,141,192],"commonly":[120],"ML":[122,143,164,181],"also":[123],"enabled":[124],"characterization":[126],"nuanced":[128,231],"such":[130],"social":[132],"determinants":[133],"health.":[135],"Supervised":[136],"deep":[137,173],"was":[139,216],"popular":[142],"paradigm,":[144],"while":[145],"semi-supervised":[146],"weakly":[148],"supervised":[149],"applied":[152],"expedite":[154],"algorithm":[155,247],"development":[156],"unsupervised":[158],"facilitate":[161],"phenotype":[162],"discovery.":[163],"did":[166],"not":[167],"uniformly":[168],"outperform":[169],"algorithms,":[171],"but":[172],"offered":[175],"marginal":[177],"improvement":[178],"over":[179],"traditional":[180],"many":[183],"conditions.":[184],"DISCUSSION:":[185],"Despite":[186],"progress":[188],"phenotyping,":[191],"focused":[194],"binary":[196],"few":[199],"evaluated":[201],"external":[202],"validity":[203],"or":[204],"used":[205],"multi-institution":[206],"data.":[207],"Study":[208],"settings":[209],"infrequently":[211],"reported":[212],"analytic":[214],"code":[215],"rarely":[217],"released.":[218],"CONCLUSION:":[219],"Continued":[220],"research":[221],"warranted,":[226],"emphasis":[228],"characterizing":[230],"phenotypes,":[232],"establishing":[233],"standards,":[237],"developing":[239],"accommodate":[242],"misclassified":[243],"due":[245],"errors":[248],"downstream":[250],"applications.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
