{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3194632323","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocab207","title":"Transferability of neural network clinical deidentification systems","display_name":"Transferability of neural network clinical deidentification systems","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3194632323","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocab207","mag":"3194632323","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34586386"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocab207","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocab207","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.08517","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021769068","display_name":"Kahyun Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6436-1417"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kahyun Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Science and Technology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Science and Technology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043896692","display_name":"Nicholas J Dobbins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3598-8747"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801852214","display_name":"University of Washington Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00wbzw723","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801852214"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas J Dobbins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3598-8747","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801852214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083901654","display_name":"Bridget T. McInnes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2297-6672"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184840846","display_name":"Virginia Commonwealth University","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkdxk79","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bridget McInnes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002548520","display_name":"Meliha Yeti\u015fgen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9919-9811"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801852214","display_name":"University of Washington Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00wbzw723","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801852214"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meliha Yetisgen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801852214"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070926324","display_name":"\u00d6zlem Uzuner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8011-9850"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u00d6zlem Uzuner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Science and Technology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Science and Technology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3967,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3967},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.11579811,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"12","first_page":"2661","last_page":"2669"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.37869998812675476,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.37869998812675476,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.08959999680519104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10350","display_name":"Electronic Health Records Systems","score":0.07460000365972519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transferability","display_name":"Transferability","score":0.8863041400909424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.7405620813369751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.7225763201713562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7191190123558044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5906055569648743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.49595484137535095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4878830909729004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.4725097119808197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.47018516063690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.4493487477302551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3965989053249359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.33314019441604614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11281570792198181}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61272859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834031","display_name":"Transferability","level":3,"score":0.8863041400909424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.7405620813369751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.7225763201713562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7191190123558044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5906055569648743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.49595484137535095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4878830909729004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.4725097119808197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.47018516063690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.4493487477302551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3965989053249359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.33314019441604614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11281570792198181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140331021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1868104","display_name":"Logit","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000068240","descriptor_name":"Data Anonymization","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000068240","descriptor_name":"Data Anonymization","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000068240","descriptor_name":"Data Anonymization","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocab207","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocab207","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34586386","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34586386","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2102.08517","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2102.08517","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.08517","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3194632323","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.08517.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8633667","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8633667","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Am Med Inform Assoc","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2102.08517","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2102.08517","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2102.08517","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2102.08517","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.08517","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G691201058","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UL 1 TR002319","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337472","funder_display_name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8561184795","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R15LM013209","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337372","funder_display_name":"U.S. National Library of Medicine"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337372","display_name":"U.S. National Library of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0060t0j89"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337472","display_name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04pw6fb54"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1034374084","https://openalex.org/W1262131959","https://openalex.org/W1685527554","https://openalex.org/W1791866474","https://openalex.org/W2015620729","https://openalex.org/W2016522586","https://openalex.org/W2128004504","https://openalex.org/W2155858138","https://openalex.org/W2156061936","https://openalex.org/W2160987310","https://openalex.org/W2169730138","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2425617182","https://openalex.org/W2619585391","https://openalex.org/W2621075239","https://openalex.org/W2622474949","https://openalex.org/W2624380710","https://openalex.org/W2772121968","https://openalex.org/W2787267295","https://openalex.org/W2787560479","https://openalex.org/W2895223087","https://openalex.org/W2963043696","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2963838962","https://openalex.org/W2963956191","https://openalex.org/W2964052092","https://openalex.org/W3004133200","https://openalex.org/W3013459733","https://openalex.org/W3146885639","https://openalex.org/W6628254273","https://openalex.org/W6683124652","https://openalex.org/W6684561458","https://openalex.org/W6738256779","https://openalex.org/W6738680202","https://openalex.org/W6745134051","https://openalex.org/W6748200349","https://openalex.org/W6748426227","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6772180295","https://openalex.org/W6793289451"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3202269712","https://openalex.org/W2950279864","https://openalex.org/W3205935885","https://openalex.org/W2969903563","https://openalex.org/W3018469696","https://openalex.org/W3089006272","https://openalex.org/W3117316831","https://openalex.org/W3014297835","https://openalex.org/W2073904866","https://openalex.org/W3168569655","https://openalex.org/W2922241966","https://openalex.org/W2781104201","https://openalex.org/W200926530","https://openalex.org/W3120078039","https://openalex.org/W1855679610","https://openalex.org/W3133713241","https://openalex.org/W2768748645","https://openalex.org/W2505457768","https://openalex.org/W2768909439","https://openalex.org/W3037287267"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"Neural":[1],"network":[2],"deidentification":[3,53,81],"studies":[4,11],"have":[5,38],"focused":[6],"on":[7,54],"individual":[8],"datasets.":[9],"These":[10],"assume":[12],"the":[13,58,74,115,161],"availability":[14],"of":[15,19,62,76,87,114,117,139,163,197],"a":[16,77,85,111,182,203],"sufficient":[17],"amount":[18],"human-annotated":[20],"data":[21,49,68,166,170,226],"to":[22,28,135],"train":[23],"models":[24],"that":[25,215],"can":[26,50],"generalize":[27],"corresponding":[29],"test":[30],"data.":[31,44],"In":[32],"real-world":[33],"situations,":[34],"however,":[35,57],"researchers":[36],"often":[37],"limited":[39],"or":[40,208],"no":[41],"in-house":[42,55],"training":[43,149,169,225],"Existing":[45],"systems":[46,65],"and":[47,66,97,173,236],"external":[48,67,155,164,184,191,216],"help":[51],"jump-start":[52],"data;":[56],"most":[59],"efficient":[60],"way":[61],"utilizing":[63],"existing":[64],"is":[69,91,100],"unclear.":[70],"This":[71],"article":[72],"investigates":[73],"transferability":[75,116,153,157,174],"state-of-the-art":[78],"neural":[79],"clinical":[80,121],"system,":[82],"NeuroNER,":[83],"across":[84,158,175,230],"variety":[86],"datasets,":[88],"when":[89,98,167],"it":[90,99],"modified":[92,132],"architecturally":[93,134],"for":[94,103],"domain":[95,104,140,210],"generalization":[96,141],"trained":[101],"strategically":[102],"transfer.":[105],"MATERIALS":[106],"AND":[107,178],"METHODS:":[108],"We":[109,131,143,151,212],"conducted":[110],"comparative":[112],"study":[113],"NeuroNER":[118,133],"using":[119,147],"4":[120],"note":[122,126,159,234],"corpora":[123],"with":[124,207],"multiple":[125],"types":[127,138],"from":[128,154,181],"2":[129,137],"institutions.":[130,176],"integrate":[136],"approaches.":[142],"evaluated":[144],"each":[145],"architecture":[146],"3":[148],"strategies.":[150],"measured":[152],"sources;":[156],"types;":[160],"contribution":[162],"source":[165,185],"in-domain":[168,224],"are":[171],"available;":[172],"RESULTS":[177],"CONCLUSIONS:":[179],"Transferability":[180,229],"single":[183],"gave":[186],"inconsistent":[187],"results.":[188],"Using":[189],"additional":[190],"sources":[192,217],"consistently":[193],"yielded":[194],"an":[195],"F1-score":[196],"approximately":[198],"80%.":[199],"Fine-tuning":[200],"emerged":[201],"as":[202],"dominant":[204],"transfer":[205],"strategy,":[206],"without":[209],"generalization.":[211],"also":[213],"found":[214],"were":[218,227],"useful":[219],"even":[220],"in":[221,241],"cases":[222],"where":[223],"available.":[228],"institutions":[231],"differed":[232],"by":[233],"type":[235],"annotation":[237],"label":[238],"but":[239],"resulted":[240],"improved":[242],"performance.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-05T07:39:15.569665","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
