{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3134403479","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocab047","title":"Why do people oppose mask wearing? A comprehensive analysis of U.S. tweets during the COVID-19 pandemic","display_name":"Why do people oppose mask wearing? A comprehensive analysis of U.S. tweets during the COVID-19 pandemic","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3134403479","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocab047","mag":"3134403479","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33690794"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocab047","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocab047","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article-pdf/28/7/1564/38983252/ocab047.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article-pdf/28/7/1564/38983252/ocab047.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063205762","display_name":"Lu He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0181-018X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0181-018X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075466643","display_name":"Changyang He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6648-4456"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changyang He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045579627","display_name":"Tera L Reynolds","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7536-5504"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tera L Reynolds","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072559364","display_name":"Qiushi Bai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiushi Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034443538","display_name":"Yicong Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1186-4803"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yicong Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100369885","display_name":"Chen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8784-8148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045981297","display_name":"Kai Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4121-4948"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA","Department of Informatics, Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029519980","display_name":"Yunan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8224-3051"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yunan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029519980"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"],"apc_list":{"value":3967,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3967},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.7342,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":117,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99108391,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"7","first_page":"1564","last_page":"1573"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10990","display_name":"Infection Control and Ventilation","score":0.9713000059127808,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10990","display_name":"Infection Control and Ventilation","score":0.9713000059127808,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13098","display_name":"Conferences and Exhibitions Management","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.8651629686355591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pandemic","display_name":"Pandemic","score":0.8212437033653259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-2","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","score":0.7145745754241943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2019-20-coronavirus-outbreak","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","score":0.7143194675445557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.42580530047416687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.361370712518692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.3262529969215393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3232668340206146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virology","display_name":"Virology","score":0.313118577003479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.20259013772010803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outbreak","display_name":"Outbreak","score":0.0735643208026886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.058559268712997437}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.8651629686355591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.8212437033653259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3007834351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","level":5,"score":0.7145745754241943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3006700255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","level":3,"score":0.7143194675445557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.42580530047416687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.361370712518692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3262529969215393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3232668340206146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.313118577003479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.20259013772010803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.0735643208026886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.058559268712997437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001294","descriptor_name":"Attitude to Health","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001294","descriptor_name":"Attitude to Health","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001294","descriptor_name":"Attitude to Health","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001294","descriptor_name":"Attitude to Health","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008397","descriptor_name":"Masks","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008397","descriptor_name":"Masks","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008397","descriptor_name":"Masks","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008397","descriptor_name":"Masks","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011639","descriptor_name":"Public Opinion","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011639","descriptor_name":"Public Opinion","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011639","descriptor_name":"Public Opinion","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011639","descriptor_name":"Public Opinion","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D061108","descriptor_name":"Social Media","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D061108","descriptor_name":"Social Media","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D061108","descriptor_name":"Social Media","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D061108","descriptor_name":"Social Media","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocab047","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocab047","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article-pdf/28/7/1564/38983252/ocab047.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33690794","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33690794","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-110313","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-110313","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt01d909qs","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/01d909qs","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA, vol 28, iss 7","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7989302","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7989302","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Am Med Inform Assoc","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.ust.hk:1783.1-110313","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-110313","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocab047","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocab047","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article-pdf/28/7/1564/38983252/ocab047.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8299999833106995,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1161230153","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UL1 TR001414","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337375","funder_display_name":"National Center for Research Resources"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1171994280","display_name":"UC Irvine CTSA Quality Assurance Supplement","funder_award_id":"3ul1tr001414-08s1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G212361506","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UL1-TR-001414","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337472","funder_display_name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4571239612","display_name":"RAPID: Leveraging Twitter Data for Real-time Public Health Responses to Coronavirus: Identifying Affective Desensitization, Loneliness and Depression, and Trust","funder_award_id":"2027254","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337375","display_name":"National Center for Research Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/04pw6fb54"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337472","display_name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04pw6fb54"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3134403479.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3134403479.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1615506555","https://openalex.org/W1658908529","https://openalex.org/W1837843568","https://openalex.org/W2030200965","https://openalex.org/W2140910804","https://openalex.org/W2212703438","https://openalex.org/W2283694230","https://openalex.org/W2619822900","https://openalex.org/W2732050589","https://openalex.org/W2786640468","https://openalex.org/W2897069058","https://openalex.org/W2907352650","https://openalex.org/W2990681746","https://openalex.org/W3013800799","https://openalex.org/W3014935876","https://openalex.org/W3016112560","https://openalex.org/W3020358767","https://openalex.org/W3023491822","https://openalex.org/W3099589848","https://openalex.org/W3101490008","https://openalex.org/W3106311261","https://openalex.org/W3114713384","https://openalex.org/W3125182500","https://openalex.org/W3208247356","https://openalex.org/W4243367342","https://openalex.org/W6688167117","https://openalex.org/W6748179355","https://openalex.org/W6771130382","https://openalex.org/W6775821662","https://openalex.org/W6788023559"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3036314732","https://openalex.org/W3009669391","https://openalex.org/W3176864053","https://openalex.org/W4206669628","https://openalex.org/W3171943759","https://openalex.org/W4292098121","https://openalex.org/W3154141118","https://openalex.org/W4388896133","https://openalex.org/W3031607536","https://openalex.org/W4224279380"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"Facial":[1],"masks":[2,129,247],"are":[3],"an":[4,218],"essential":[5],"personal":[6,124],"protective":[7],"measure":[8],"to":[9,33,53,57,81,89,107,130,193,205,240,251],"fight":[10],"the":[11,17,22,35,42,48,59,105,109,132,137,140,145,158,207,229,242],"COVID-19":[12],"(coronavirus":[13],"disease)":[14],"pandemic.":[15],"However,":[16],"mask":[18,114,143,226],"adoption":[19],"rate":[20],"in":[21,249],"United":[23],"States":[24],"is":[25,217],"still":[26],"less":[27,191],"than":[28],"optimal.":[29],"This":[30],"study":[31,159],"aims":[32],"understand":[34,108],"beliefs":[36],"held":[37],"by":[38,96],"individuals":[39],"who":[40],"oppose":[41],"use":[43,52],"of":[44,61,74,101,104,111,134,139,147,172,197,245],"facial":[45,128],"masks,":[46],"and":[47,91,168,174,213,228],"evidence":[49],"that":[50,122],"they":[51],"support":[54,206],"these":[55],"beliefs,":[56],"inform":[58,236],"development":[60],"targeted":[62],"public":[63,201,223,243],"health":[64,202],"communication":[65,238],"strategies.":[66],"MATERIALS":[67],"AND":[68],"METHODS:":[69],"We":[70,84,117],"analyzed":[71],"a":[72,97,102,154],"total":[73],"771":[75],"268":[76],"U.S.-based":[77],"tweets":[78,106,121,141,149,188],"between":[79],"January":[80],"October":[82],"2020.":[83],"developed":[85],"machine":[86,211],"learning":[87,212],"classifiers":[88],"identify":[90],"categorize":[92],"relevant":[93],"tweets,":[94],"followed":[95],"qualitative":[98,214],"content":[99,215],"analysis":[100,216],"subset":[103],"rationale":[110],"those":[112],"opposed":[113],"wearing.":[115],"RESULTS:":[116],"identified":[118],"267":[119],"152":[120],"contained":[123],"opinions":[125],"about":[126,153],"wearing":[127,227,246],"prevent":[131],"spread":[133],"COVID-19.":[135],"While":[136],"majority":[138],"supported":[142],"wearing,":[144],"proportion":[146],"anti-mask":[148,255],"stayed":[150],"constant":[151],"at":[152],"10%":[155],"level":[156],"throughout":[157],"period.":[160],"Common":[161],"reasons":[162,230],"for":[163,179,221,231],"opposition":[164],"included":[165],"physical":[166],"discomfort":[167],"negative":[169],"effects,":[170],"lack":[171],"effectiveness,":[173],"being":[175],"unnecessary":[176],"or":[177,182],"inappropriate":[178],"certain":[180,184],"people":[181],"under":[183],"circumstances.":[185],"The":[186,233],"opposing":[187],"were":[189],"significantly":[190],"likely":[192],"cite":[194],"external":[195],"sources":[196],"information":[198],"such":[199],"as":[200],"agencies'":[203],"websites":[204],"arguments.":[208],"CONCLUSIONS:":[209],"Combining":[210],"effective":[219],"strategy":[220],"identifying":[222],"attitudes":[224],"toward":[225],"opposition.":[232],"results":[234],"may":[235],"better":[237],"strategies":[239],"improve":[241],"perception":[244],"and,":[248],"particular,":[250],"specifically":[252],"address":[253],"common":[254],"beliefs.":[256]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-08-06T08:24:18.245995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}