{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2537686012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/iwc/iww006","title":"Group<i>vs</i>Individual Web Accessibility Evaluations: Effects with Novice Evaluators","display_name":"Group<i>vs</i>Individual Web Accessibility Evaluations: Effects with Novice Evaluators","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-04-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2537686012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/iwc/iww006","mag":"2537686012"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/iwc/iww006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/iwc/iww006","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/iwc/article-pdf/28/6/843/7920095/iww006.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23117883","display_name":"Interacting with Computers","issn_l":"0953-5438","issn":["0953-5438","1873-7951"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Interacting with Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/iwc/article-pdf/28/6/843/7920095/iww006.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062163634","display_name":"Giorgio Brajnik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0634-7676"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129043915","display_name":"University of Udine","ror":"https://ror.org/05ht0mh31","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Giorgio Brajnik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dip. di Matematica e Informatica, Universit di Udine, Udine, ITALY","Dip. di Matematica e Informatica , Universit\u00e0 di Udine , Udine , Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dip. di Matematica e Informatica, Universit di Udine, Udine, ITALY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dip. di Matematica e Informatica , Universit\u00e0 di Udine , Udine , Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083965427","display_name":"Markel Vigo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4768-7623"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","display_name":"University of Manchester","ror":"https://ror.org/027m9bs27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markel Vigo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science , University of Manchester , Manchester , UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science , University of Manchester , Manchester , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006201403","display_name":"Yeliz Ye\u015filada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8501-0205"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201799495","display_name":"Middle East Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/014weej12","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yeliz Yesilada","raw_affiliation_strings":["Middle East Technical University Northern Cyprus Campus , G\u00fczelyurt , Mersin 10 , Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Middle East Technical University Northern Cyprus Campus , G\u00fczelyurt , Mersin 10 , Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057651456","display_name":"Simon Harper","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9301-5049"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","display_name":"University of Manchester","ror":"https://ror.org/027m9bs27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Harper","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science , University of Manchester , Manchester , UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science , University of Manchester , Manchester , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062163634"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"],"apc_list":{"value":2635,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":3232},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.2025,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96698292,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"6","first_page":"843","last_page":"861"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12481","display_name":"Digital Accessibility for Disabilities","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12481","display_name":"Digital Accessibility for Disabilities","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10470","display_name":"Usability and User Interface Design","score":0.9593999981880188,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9373999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-paradox","display_name":"False positive paradox","score":0.7187284231185913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.6324697136878967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.6289287805557251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.5038468241691589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/group","display_name":"Group (periodic table)","score":0.49352800846099854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-psychology","display_name":"Applied psychology","score":0.4748963415622711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.46790844202041626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.38726502656936646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.13085266947746277}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.7187284231185913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.6324697136878967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.6289287805557251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5038468241691589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781311116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83306","display_name":"Group (periodic table)","level":2,"score":0.49352800846099854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.4748963415622711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46790844202041626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.38726502656936646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.13085266947746277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/iwc/iww006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/iwc/iww006","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/iwc/article-pdf/28/6/843/7920095/iww006.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23117883","display_name":"Interacting with Computers","issn_l":"0953-5438","issn":["0953-5438","1873-7951"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Interacting with Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/3f95b122-2f73-44c7-a175-949522803ffa","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/group-versus-individual-web-accessibility-evaluations-effects-with-novice-evaluators(3f95b122-2f73-44c7-a175-949522803ffa).html","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400662","display_name":"Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","host_organization_name":"University of Manchester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/3f95b122-2f73-44c7-a175-949522803ffa","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/3f95b122-2f73-44c7-a175-949522803ffa","pdf_url":"https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/group-versus-individual-web-accessibility-evaluations-effects-with-novice-evaluators(3f95b122-2f73-44c7-a175-949522803ffa).html","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400662","display_name":"Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","host_organization_name":"University of Manchester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Brajnik, G, Vigo, M, Yesilada, Y & Harper, S 2016, 'Group versus Individual Web Accessibility Evaluations: Effects with Novice Evaluators', Interacting with Computers, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 843-861. https://doi.org/10.1093/iwc/iww006","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:air.uniud.it:11390/1179676","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11390/1179676","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401163","display_name":"Institutional Research Information System (University of Udine)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I129043915","host_organization_name":"University of Udine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:open-archive.highwire.org:iwc:28/6/843","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://iwc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/28/6/843","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923041","display_name":"HighWire Press Open Archive","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"TEXT"},{"id":"pmh:oai:open.metu.edu.tr:11511/67600","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11511/67600","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402495","display_name":"OpenMETU (Middle East Technical University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I201799495","host_organization_name":"Middle East Technical University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/iwc/iww006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/iwc/iww006","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/iwc/article-pdf/28/6/843/7920095/iww006.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23117883","display_name":"Interacting with Computers","issn_l":"0953-5438","issn":["0953-5438","1873-7951"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Interacting with Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2537686012.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2537686012.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W63034345","https://openalex.org/W1479900538","https://openalex.org/W1535223020","https://openalex.org/W1579089938","https://openalex.org/W1965061949","https://openalex.org/W1972836006","https://openalex.org/W1974725562","https://openalex.org/W1977953443","https://openalex.org/W1993640684","https://openalex.org/W2004067246","https://openalex.org/W2016022053","https://openalex.org/W2033244615","https://openalex.org/W2042486711","https://openalex.org/W2062015732","https://openalex.org/W2063730547","https://openalex.org/W2068293943","https://openalex.org/W2074670992","https://openalex.org/W2083939386","https://openalex.org/W2088028234","https://openalex.org/W2089420500","https://openalex.org/W2101451656","https://openalex.org/W2110428143","https://openalex.org/W2111113302","https://openalex.org/W2112377535","https://openalex.org/W2143845053","https://openalex.org/W2152309982","https://openalex.org/W2165946857","https://openalex.org/W2913758505","https://openalex.org/W4239496300","https://openalex.org/W6632031131","https://openalex.org/W6665908817","https://openalex.org/W6684807467"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2404647514","https://openalex.org/W1667647204","https://openalex.org/W4247536566","https://openalex.org/W2018477250","https://openalex.org/W3119814709","https://openalex.org/W4241418540","https://openalex.org/W1508895727","https://openalex.org/W2725786787","https://openalex.org/W4283160672","https://openalex.org/W2065201438"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"an":[2,40],"experiment":[3],"comparing":[4],"performance":[5,24],"of":[6,10,31,43,57,74,99,105,123,136,156,176,191,218],"20":[7],"novice":[8,199],"evaluators":[9,201],"accessibility":[11,196,200],"carrying":[12,165],"out":[13,39,166],"Web":[14],"Content":[15],"Accessibility":[16],"Guidelines":[17],"2.0":[18],"conformance":[19],"reviews":[20],"working":[21],"individually":[22],"to":[23,36,53,63,69,89,147,207,236,242,260,266],"obtained":[25],"when":[26,143],"they":[27,49,60],"work":[28,202],"in":[29,97,203,244,268],"teams":[30],"two.":[32],"They":[33],"were":[34,50,61,83],"asked":[35,62],"first":[37],"carry":[38],"individual":[41],"assessment":[42,67,73],"a":[44,55,71,154],"web":[45],"page.":[46,77],"Later":[47],"on,":[48],"matched":[51],"randomly":[52],"constitute":[54],"group":[56,72,119,132,155,219,226,250],"two":[58,157,185],"and":[59,68,93,116,125],"revise":[64],"their":[65,205],"initial":[66],"produce":[70],"the":[75,100,111,118,149,167,189,210],"same":[76],"Results":[78],"indicate":[79],"that":[80],"significant":[81],"differences":[82,240,264],"found":[84],"for":[85,141,170,181],"sensitivity":[86],"(inversely":[87],"related":[88],"false":[90,237],"negatives:":[91],"+8%)":[92],"agreement":[94,109],"(when":[95],"measured":[96],"terms":[98],"majority":[101],"view:":[102],"+10%).":[103],"Members":[104],"groups":[106,182],"exhibited":[107],"strong":[108],"on":[110],"evaluation":[112],"results":[113,179],"among":[114],"them":[115],"with":[117,194,234,258],"outcome.":[120],"Other":[121],"measures":[122],"validity":[124],"reliability":[126,217],"are":[127,139,246,271],"not":[128],"significantly":[129],"affected":[130],"by":[131],"work.":[133],"Practical":[134],"implications":[135],"these":[137],"findings":[138],"that,":[140],"example,":[142],"it":[144],"is":[145,159,188],"important":[146],"reduce":[148],"false-negative":[150],"rate,":[151],"then":[152],"employing":[153],"people":[158,193],"more":[160],"useful":[161],"than":[162,184],"having":[163],"individuals":[164],"assessment.":[168],"Openings":[169],"future":[171],"research":[172],"include":[173],"further":[174],"explorations":[175],"whether":[177],"similar":[178],"hold":[180],"larger":[183],"or":[186,225,249],"what":[187],"effect":[190],"mixing":[192],"different":[195],"background.":[197],"When":[198],"groups,":[204],"ability":[206],"identify":[208],"all":[209],"true":[211],"problems":[212],"increases":[213,221],"(by":[214,222],"8%).":[215],"Likewise,":[216],"evaluations":[220,227,251],"10%).":[223],"Individual":[224,248],"can":[228,252],"be":[229,253],"considered":[230,254],"as":[231,255],"equivalent":[232,256],"methods":[233,257],"respect":[235,259],"positives":[238],"(if":[239,263],"up":[241,265],"8%":[243],"correctness":[245],"tolerated).":[247,272],"overall":[261],"effectiveness":[262],"11%":[267],"F":[269],"-measure":[270]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2016-10-28T00:00:00"}
