{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4311288223","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/database/baac102","title":"NLM-Chem-BC7: manually annotated full-text resources for chemical entity annotation and indexing in biomedical articles","display_name":"NLM-Chem-BC7: manually annotated full-text resources for chemical entity annotation and indexing in biomedical articles","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4311288223","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/database/baac102","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36458799"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/database/baac102","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/database/baac102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201630","display_name":"Database","issn_l":"1758-0463","issn":["1758-0463"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311647","host_organization_name":"University of Oxford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Database","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/database/baac102","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008126200","display_name":"Rezarta Islamaj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5651-1860"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800548410","display_name":"United States National Library of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0060t0j89","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I2800548410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rezarta Islamaj","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health , 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5651-1860","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health , 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800548410","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044947146","display_name":"Robert Leaman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3296-5766"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800548410","display_name":"United States National Library of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0060t0j89","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I2800548410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Leaman","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health , 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health , 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800548410","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028421139","display_name":"David S. Cissel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800548410","display_name":"United States National Library of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0060t0j89","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I2800548410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Cissel","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health , 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health , 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800548410","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014022956","display_name":"Cathleen Coss","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800548410","display_name":"United States National Library of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0060t0j89","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I2800548410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cathleen Coss","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health , 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health , 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800548410","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054146706","display_name":"Joseph Denicola","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800548410","display_name":"United States National Library of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0060t0j89","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I2800548410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Denicola","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health , 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health , 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800548410","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074708512","display_name":"Carol Fisher","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800548410","display_name":"United States National Library of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0060t0j89","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I2800548410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carol Fisher","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health , 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health , 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800548410","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070264141","display_name":"Rob Guzman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800548410","display_name":"United States National Library of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0060t0j89","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I2800548410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rob Guzman","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health , 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health , 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800548410","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017317463","display_name":"Preeti Gokal Kochar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2109-1100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800548410","display_name":"United States National Library of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0060t0j89","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I2800548410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Preeti Gokal Kochar","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health , 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health , 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800548410","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074714105","display_name":"Nicholas Miliaras","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8624-7781"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800548410","display_name":"United States National Library of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0060t0j89","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I2800548410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas Miliaras","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health , 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health , 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800548410","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079435292","display_name":"Zoe Punske","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800548410","display_name":"United States National Library of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0060t0j89","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I2800548410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zoe Punske","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health , 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health , 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800548410","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056998113","display_name":"Keiko Sekiya","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800548410","display_name":"United States National Library of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0060t0j89","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I2800548410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keiko Sekiya","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health , 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health , 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800548410","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057786909","display_name":"Dorothy Trinh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800548410","display_name":"United States National Library of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0060t0j89","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I2800548410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dorothy Trinh","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health , 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health , 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800548410","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053625504","display_name":"Deborah Whitman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800548410","display_name":"United States National Library of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0060t0j89","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I2800548410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deborah Whitman","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health , 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health , 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800548410","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043544845","display_name":"Susan Schmidt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5368-2920"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800548410","display_name":"United States National Library of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0060t0j89","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I2800548410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susan Schmidt","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health , 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health , 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800548410","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083081872","display_name":"Zhiyong Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9998-916X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800548410","display_name":"United States National Library of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0060t0j89","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I2800548410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyong Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health , 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9998-916X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health , 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800548410","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":15,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083081872"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I2800548410"],"apc_list":{"value":1415,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1735},"apc_paid":{"value":1415,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1735},"fwci":0.6064,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65213217,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2022","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.9797999858856201,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10211","display_name":"Computational Drug Discovery Methods","score":0.9747999906539917,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.872373640537262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine-indexing","display_name":"Search engine indexing","score":0.8639425039291382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7530479431152344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.7314807772636414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-indexing","display_name":"Automatic indexing","score":0.4354321360588074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.42752930521965027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3827018439769745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2518440783023834}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.872373640537262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75165309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2258979","display_name":"Search engine indexing","level":2,"score":0.8639425039291382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7530479431152344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.7314807772636414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778330532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4826577","display_name":"Automatic indexing","level":3,"score":0.4354321360588074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.42752930521965027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3827018439769745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2518440783023834}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009317","descriptor_name":"National Library of Medicine (U.S.)","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009317","descriptor_name":"National Library of Medicine (U.S.)","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009317","descriptor_name":"National Library of Medicine (U.S.)","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009317","descriptor_name":"National Library of Medicine (U.S.)","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D039781","descriptor_name":"PubMed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D039781","descriptor_name":"PubMed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D039781","descriptor_name":"PubMed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D039781","descriptor_name":"PubMed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057225","descriptor_name":"Data Mining","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057225","descriptor_name":"Data Mining","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057225","descriptor_name":"Data Mining","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057225","descriptor_name":"Data Mining","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/database/baac102","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/database/baac102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201630","display_name":"Database","issn_l":"1758-0463","issn":["1758-0463"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311647","host_organization_name":"University of Oxford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Database","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36458799","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36458799","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Database : the journal of biological databases and curation","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9716560","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9716560","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Database (Oxford)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/database/baac102","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/database/baac102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201630","display_name":"Database","issn_l":"1758-0463","issn":["1758-0463"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311647","host_organization_name":"University of Oxford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Database","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981208470","https://openalex.org/W2040298461","https://openalex.org/W2104148262","https://openalex.org/W2149369282","https://openalex.org/W2160171761","https://openalex.org/W2163303745","https://openalex.org/W2346452181","https://openalex.org/W2573117738","https://openalex.org/W2592460572","https://openalex.org/W2610394652","https://openalex.org/W2915895751","https://openalex.org/W2946690328","https://openalex.org/W2952174148","https://openalex.org/W3023249475","https://openalex.org/W3137481621","https://openalex.org/W4323519786","https://openalex.org/W6683709678","https://openalex.org/W6704842505","https://openalex.org/W6733971936","https://openalex.org/W6851060423"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W204619012","https://openalex.org/W2398073981","https://openalex.org/W4247874641","https://openalex.org/W2008087111","https://openalex.org/W2051392313","https://openalex.org/W2081057833","https://openalex.org/W2025451713","https://openalex.org/W2062327384","https://openalex.org/W2188505374","https://openalex.org/W1558342070"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,24,59,134,202],"automatic":[1],"recognition":[2,401],"of":[3,34,46,62,74,104,143,182,191,208,232,241,256,280,289,348,365,407],"chemical":[4,83,93,118,123,126,131,153,216,301,324,334,363,373,390,399],"names":[5],"and":[6,89,120,129,166,180,299,316,336,368,393,411],"their":[7],"corresponding":[8],"database":[9],"identifiers":[10],"in":[11,37,85,193,197,243,253,270,285,295,305,312,327,376,397],"biomedical":[12,87],"text":[13,41,330],"is":[14,26,358],"an":[15],"important":[16],"first":[17],"step":[18],"for":[19,49,98,152,159,177,229,259,331,362,372,389,415],"many":[20],"downstream":[21],"text-mining":[22],"applications.":[23],"task":[25,186],"even":[27],"more":[28],"challenging":[29],"when":[30],"considering":[31],"the":[32,38,44,72,82,86,92,107,125,130,178,183,189,223,230,233,239,245,254,260,268,281,286,290,296,300,306,313,318,323,328,345,353,385,398,405,416],"identification":[33,45,127,375],"these":[35,381,408],"entities":[36,84,119,154,335],"article's":[39,51],"full":[40,329],"and,":[42],"furthermore,":[43],"candidate":[47,282],"substances":[48,94],"that":[50,76,95,247],"metadata":[52],"[Medical":[53],"Subject":[54],"Heading":[55],"(MeSH)":[56],"article":[57,99],"indexing].":[58],"National":[60],"Library":[61],"Medicine":[63],"(NLM)-Chem":[64],"track":[65,109],"at":[66,222],"BioCreative":[67,136],"VII":[68,137],"aimed":[69],"to":[70,187,341],"foster":[71],"development":[73],"algorithms":[75,192,242],"can":[77],"predict":[78],"with":[79,117,122,215,344],"high":[80],"quality":[81],"literature":[88],"further":[90,265],"identify":[91],"are":[96,383],"candidates":[97],"indexing.":[100],"As":[101,350],"a":[102,338,351,359,369],"result":[103],"this":[105],"challenge,":[106],"NLM-Chem":[108,135],"produced":[110],"two":[111,271],"comprehensive,":[112],"manually":[113,277],"curated":[114],"corpora":[115],"annotated":[116,151],"indexed":[121],"substances:":[124],"corpus":[128,141,206,357,361,371],"indexing":[132,218,302,308,364],"corpus.":[133],"(NLM-Chem-BC7)":[138],"Chemical":[139,184,204,234,355],"Identification":[140,185],"consists":[142,207],"204":[144],"full-text":[145,200,377],"PubMed":[146],"Central":[147],"(PMC)":[148],"articles,":[149,213],"fully":[150],"by":[155,219],"12":[156],"NLM":[157,275],"indexers":[158,276],"both":[160],"span":[161],"(i.e.":[162,168],"named":[163],"entity":[164,169,325,374,391,400],"recognition)":[165],"normalization":[167],"linking)":[170],"using":[171],"MeSH.":[172],"This":[173,225,262],"resource":[174,226],"was":[175,227,264],"used":[176,228,337],"training":[179],"testing":[181],"evaluate":[188],"accuracy":[190,240],"predicting":[194,244],"chemicals":[195,246],"mentioned":[196],"recently":[198,210],"published":[199,211],"articles.":[201,379],"NLM-Chem-BC7":[203,354],"Indexing":[205,235,356],"1333":[209],"PMC":[212],"equipped":[214],"substance":[217],"manual":[220],"experts":[221],"NLM.":[224],"evaluation":[231],"task,":[236],"which":[237],"evaluated":[238],"should":[248],"be":[249],"indexed,":[250],"i.e.":[251],"appear":[252],"listing":[255],"MeSH":[257,297,307],"terms":[258,283,303],"document.":[261],"set":[263],"enriched":[266],"after":[267],"challenge":[269,291,319],"ways:":[272],"(i)":[273],"11":[274],"verified":[278],"each":[279],"appearing":[284,304],"prediction":[287,314],"results":[288],"participants,":[292],"but":[293,310],"not":[294,311],"indexing,":[298],"list,":[309],"results,":[315],"(ii)":[317],"organizers":[320],"algorithmically":[321],"merged":[322],"annotations":[326],"all":[332],"predicted":[333],"statistical":[339],"approach":[340],"keep":[342],"those":[343],"highest":[346],"degree":[347],"confidence.":[349],"result,":[352],"gold-standard":[360],"journal":[366,378],"articles":[367],"silver-standard":[370],"Together,":[380],"resources":[382,388,410],"currently":[384],"most":[386],"comprehensive":[387],"recognition,":[392],"we":[394],"demonstrate":[395],"improvements":[396],"algorithms.":[402],"We":[403],"detail":[404],"characteristics":[406],"novel":[409],"make":[412],"them":[413],"available":[414],"community.":[417],"Database":[418],"URL:":[419],"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/lu/NLM-Chem-BC7-corpus/.":[420]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}