{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3122923900","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cybsec/tyz007","title":"Escalation firebreaks in the cyber, conventional, and nuclear domains: moving beyond effects-based logics","display_name":"Escalation firebreaks in the cyber, conventional, and nuclear domains: moving beyond effects-based logics","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3122923900","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cybsec/tyz007","mag":"3122923900"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/cybsec/tyz007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cybsec/tyz007","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/cybersecurity/article-pdf/5/1/tyz007/30073969/tyz007.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2735156331","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2057-2085","issn":["2057-2085","2057-2093"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/cybersecurity/article-pdf/5/1/tyz007/30073969/tyz007.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001527630","display_name":"Sarah Kreps","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0924-4234"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarah Kreps","raw_affiliation_strings":["Political Science Department, Cornell University, 313 White Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Political Science Department, Cornell University, 313 White Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006344978","display_name":"Jacquelyn Schneider","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7539-5615"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1286498122","display_name":"Hoover Institution","ror":"https://ror.org/04ce9mt19","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286498122"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jacquelyn Schneider","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hoover Institution, Stanford University, 434 Galvez Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hoover Institution, Stanford University, 434 Galvez Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1286498122","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006344978"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1286498122","https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":{"value":2094,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2094},"apc_paid":{"value":2094,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2094},"fwci":43.8322,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":109,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99772817,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12221","display_name":"Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare Studies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12221","display_name":"Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare Studies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13369","display_name":"European and Russian Geopolitical Military Strategies","score":0.9786999821662903,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/credibility","display_name":"Credibility","score":0.7734998464584351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deterrence-theory","display_name":"Deterrence theory","score":0.719174861907959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5142657160758972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/punishment","display_name":"Punishment (psychology)","score":0.5010635852813721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-weapon","display_name":"Nuclear weapon","score":0.4856320917606354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-attack","display_name":"Cyber-attack","score":0.445118248462677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.4215720593929291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-security","display_name":"National security","score":0.4141218662261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3414212465286255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.33687710762023926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.3267940580844879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-relations","display_name":"Public relations","score":0.3229045271873474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.23954647779464722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.11716258525848389}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780224610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530061","display_name":"Credibility","level":2,"score":0.7734998464584351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60643870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1949683","display_name":"Deterrence theory","level":2,"score":0.719174861907959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5142657160758972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779295839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3544090","display_name":"Punishment (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5010635852813721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194110935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12802","display_name":"Nuclear weapon","level":2,"score":0.4856320917606354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201307755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4071928","display_name":"Cyber-attack","level":2,"score":0.445118248462677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4215720593929291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528167355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258307","display_name":"National security","level":2,"score":0.4141218662261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3414212465286255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.33687710762023926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3267940580844879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.3229045271873474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.23954647779464722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.11716258525848389}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/cybsec/tyz007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cybsec/tyz007","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/cybersecurity/article-pdf/5/1/tyz007/30073969/tyz007.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2735156331","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2057-2085","issn":["2057-2085","2057-2093"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/cybsec/tyz007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cybsec/tyz007","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/cybersecurity/article-pdf/5/1/tyz007/30073969/tyz007.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2735156331","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2057-2085","issn":["2057-2085","2057-2093"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3122923900.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3122923900.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":80,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W429766","https://openalex.org/W265253114","https://openalex.org/W269086691","https://openalex.org/W324296779","https://openalex.org/W357920027","https://openalex.org/W434868511","https://openalex.org/W987203611","https://openalex.org/W1483664841","https://openalex.org/W1507224579","https://openalex.org/W1873404098","https://openalex.org/W1972914161","https://openalex.org/W1973976604","https://openalex.org/W1981306457","https://openalex.org/W1988323515","https://openalex.org/W1990989913","https://openalex.org/W1993595248","https://openalex.org/W1994911869","https://openalex.org/W2006703464","https://openalex.org/W2008906551","https://openalex.org/W2015411138","https://openalex.org/W2025968559","https://openalex.org/W2030178668","https://openalex.org/W2052191465","https://openalex.org/W2054887235","https://openalex.org/W2062168980","https://openalex.org/W2079071312","https://openalex.org/W2079441153","https://openalex.org/W2083987274","https://openalex.org/W2101255587","https://openalex.org/W2104611440","https://openalex.org/W2109312871","https://openalex.org/W2110485449","https://openalex.org/W2119298903","https://openalex.org/W2124974251","https://openalex.org/W2125044185","https://openalex.org/W2127955909","https://openalex.org/W2132972206","https://openalex.org/W2145789189","https://openalex.org/W2146413678","https://openalex.org/W2149257645","https://openalex.org/W2156652285","https://openalex.org/W2159300646","https://openalex.org/W2280306538","https://openalex.org/W2324174583","https://openalex.org/W2338399393","https://openalex.org/W2479849498","https://openalex.org/W2487984840","https://openalex.org/W2553136137","https://openalex.org/W2581332009","https://openalex.org/W2584161158","https://openalex.org/W2586637446","https://openalex.org/W2602213083","https://openalex.org/W2613636616","https://openalex.org/W2753741883","https://openalex.org/W2754880083","https://openalex.org/W2798739120","https://openalex.org/W2800928285","https://openalex.org/W2801770506","https://openalex.org/W2956989962","https://openalex.org/W2979865102","https://openalex.org/W2995133082","https://openalex.org/W3017286411","https://openalex.org/W3121407482","https://openalex.org/W3121688937","https://openalex.org/W4230800277","https://openalex.org/W4236695168","https://openalex.org/W4240453637","https://openalex.org/W4241489760","https://openalex.org/W4246626824","https://openalex.org/W4247764957","https://openalex.org/W4248642433","https://openalex.org/W4250212779","https://openalex.org/W4319053964","https://openalex.org/W6600021307","https://openalex.org/W6681471704","https://openalex.org/W6695344023","https://openalex.org/W6726967245","https://openalex.org/W6732741873","https://openalex.org/W6771788285","https://openalex.org/W6776518480"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W260626577","https://openalex.org/W2591086220","https://openalex.org/W2522373292","https://openalex.org/W2594569024","https://openalex.org/W2182614472","https://openalex.org/W2990018673","https://openalex.org/W2209909204","https://openalex.org/W2015061062","https://openalex.org/W38607009","https://openalex.org/W1903529159"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Despite":[1],"the":[2,19,45,65,70,94,117,131,140,167,187],"growing":[3],"literature":[4],"on":[5,44,93,157,166,192],"cyber":[6,20,154,160,170],"security,":[7],"most":[8],"studies":[9],"have":[10],"sidestepped":[11],"important":[12],"questions":[13],"of":[14,33,47,51,67,119,142,159,169,181,189],"how":[15,52],"conflict":[16],"escalates":[17],"in":[18,36,63,100],"domain.":[21],"To":[22],"better":[23],"understand":[24,186],"this":[25],"dynamic,":[26],"we":[27],"advance":[28],"two":[29],"main":[30],"theoretical":[31],"pathways":[32,82],"escalation,":[34,91],"one":[35],"which":[37,64],"actors":[38],"respond":[39],"with":[40,83,128],"increasing":[41],"intensity":[42],"based":[43,156],"effect":[46],"an":[48,84],"attack,":[49],"irrespective":[50],"it":[53],"is":[54],"conducted":[55],"(through":[56],"cyber,":[57],"conventional,":[58],"or":[59],"nuclear)":[60],"and":[61,80,105],"another":[62],"means":[66],"attack":[68],"determines":[69],"actor\u2019s":[71],"willingness":[72],"to":[73,125,146],"escalate.":[74],"We":[75],"then":[76],"test":[77],"those":[78],"effects-":[79],"means-based":[81],"original":[85],"experiment":[86],"that":[87,110,115],"probes":[88],"support":[89,126,152],"for":[90,153],"focusing":[92],"American":[95],"public,":[96],"a":[97,113,134],"key":[98],"actor":[99],"debates":[101],"about":[102],"nuclear":[103],"escalation":[104,118,182],"deterrence.":[106],"Our":[107,149],"study":[108],"suggests":[109,178],"cyberattacks":[111],"create":[112],"threshold":[114],"restrains":[116],"conflict.":[120],"Americans":[121],"are":[122],"less":[123],"likely":[124],"retaliation":[127],"force":[129],"when":[130,137],"scenario":[132],"involves":[133],"cyberattack":[135],"even":[136],"they":[138],"perceive":[139],"magnitude":[141],"attacks":[143],"across":[144],"domains":[145],"be":[147],"comparable.":[148],"findings":[150],"provide":[151],"strategies":[155],"assumptions":[158],"thresholds,":[161],"while":[162],"also":[163],"casting":[164],"doubt":[165],"credibility":[168],"deterrence":[171],"by":[172],"punishment.":[173],"More":[174],"broadly,":[175],"our":[176],"research":[177],"effects-based":[179],"theories":[180],"may":[183],"not":[184],"help":[185],"impact":[188],"emerging":[190],"technologies":[191],"strategic":[193],"stability.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
