{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2563568402","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cybsec/tyw009","title":"Are information security professionals expected value maximizers?: An experiment and survey-based test","display_name":"Are information security professionals expected value maximizers?: An experiment and survey-based test","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2563568402","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cybsec/tyw009","mag":"2563568402"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/cybsec/tyw009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cybsec/tyw009","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/cybersecurity/article-pdf/2/1/57/10833200/tyw009.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2735156331","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2057-2085","issn":["2057-2085","2057-2093"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/cybersecurity/article-pdf/2/1/57/10833200/tyw009.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081617903","display_name":"Konstantinos Mersinas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4402-2987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184558857","display_name":"Royal Holloway University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04g2vpn86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I184558857"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197518295","display_name":"IZA - Institute of Labor Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/029s44460","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197518295"]}],"countries":["DE","GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Konstantinos Mersinas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Security Group, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey TW20 OEX, Egham, UK","2Department of Economics, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey TW20 OEX, Egham, UK3Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Security Group, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey TW20 OEX, Egham, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184558857"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"2Department of Economics, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey TW20 OEX, Egham, UK3Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197518295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065835687","display_name":"Bjoern Hartig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0783-211X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184558857","display_name":"Royal Holloway University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04g2vpn86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I184558857"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197518295","display_name":"IZA - Institute of Labor Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/029s44460","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197518295"]}],"countries":["DE","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bjoern Hartig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Security Group, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey TW20 OEX, Egham, UK","2Department of Economics, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey TW20 OEX, Egham, UK3Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Security Group, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey TW20 OEX, Egham, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184558857"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"2Department of Economics, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey TW20 OEX, Egham, UK3Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197518295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028969043","display_name":"Keith M. Martin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7877-9075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184558857","display_name":"Royal Holloway University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04g2vpn86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I184558857"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197518295","display_name":"IZA - Institute of Labor Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/029s44460","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197518295"]}],"countries":["DE","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keith M. Martin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Security Group, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey TW20 OEX, Egham, UK","2Department of Economics, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey TW20 OEX, Egham, UK3Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Security Group, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey TW20 OEX, Egham, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184558857"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"2Department of Economics, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey TW20 OEX, Egham, UK3Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197518295"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073408115","display_name":"Andrew Seltzer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9826-7082"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184558857","display_name":"Royal Holloway University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04g2vpn86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I184558857"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197518295","display_name":"IZA - Institute of Labor Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/029s44460","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197518295"]}],"countries":["DE","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Seltzer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Security Group, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey TW20 OEX, Egham, UK","2Department of Economics, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey TW20 OEX, Egham, UK3Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Security Group, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey TW20 OEX, Egham, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184558857"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"2Department of Economics, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey TW20 OEX, Egham, UK3Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197518295"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081617903"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184558857","https://openalex.org/I197518295"],"apc_list":{"value":1864,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1864},"apc_paid":{"value":1864,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1864},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.19269674,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"1","first_page":"57","last_page":"70"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9828000068664551,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9828000068664551,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10081","display_name":"Auditing, Earnings Management, Governance","score":0.9714000225067139,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.9710000157356262,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity","display_name":"Ambiguity","score":0.8004136681556702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operability","display_name":"Operability","score":0.7180323004722595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/actuarial-science","display_name":"Actuarial science","score":0.505976140499115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/framing","display_name":"Framing (construction)","score":0.48358315229415894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-security","display_name":"Information security","score":0.47764718532562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.39723625779151917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.36240246891975403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3576599955558777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2731114625930786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.23123732209205627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07851588726043701}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.8004136681556702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126231374","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061298","display_name":"Operability","level":2,"score":0.7180323004722595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.505976140499115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169087156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2131593","display_name":"Framing (construction)","level":2,"score":0.48358315229415894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.47764718532562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.39723625779151917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.36240246891975403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3576599955558777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2731114625930786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.23123732209205627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07851588726043701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/cybsec/tyw009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cybsec/tyw009","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/cybersecurity/article-pdf/2/1/57/10833200/tyw009.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2735156331","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2057-2085","issn":["2057-2085","2057-2093"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:open-archive.highwire.org:cybers:2/1/57","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://cybersecurity.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/2/1/57","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923041","display_name":"HighWire Press Open Archive","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"TEXT"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/cybsec/tyw009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cybsec/tyw009","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/cybersecurity/article-pdf/2/1/57/10833200/tyw009.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2735156331","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2057-2085","issn":["2057-2085","2057-2093"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W142213678","https://openalex.org/W649034908","https://openalex.org/W1412796528","https://openalex.org/W1483280370","https://openalex.org/W1530307360","https://openalex.org/W1548744715","https://openalex.org/W1559771371","https://openalex.org/W1924363063","https://openalex.org/W1967820237","https://openalex.org/W1971219113","https://openalex.org/W1974758710","https://openalex.org/W1994288483","https://openalex.org/W1995118028","https://openalex.org/W1997501517","https://openalex.org/W2027047704","https://openalex.org/W2032740967","https://openalex.org/W2041946752","https://openalex.org/W2056075452","https://openalex.org/W2061592058","https://openalex.org/W2062493711","https://openalex.org/W2079447760","https://openalex.org/W2097427281","https://openalex.org/W2106098322","https://openalex.org/W2106445101","https://openalex.org/W2107966619","https://openalex.org/W2112709014","https://openalex.org/W2114969359","https://openalex.org/W2121134691","https://openalex.org/W2129527785","https://openalex.org/W2133469585","https://openalex.org/W2140619986","https://openalex.org/W2165016424","https://openalex.org/W2167842235","https://openalex.org/W2172029077","https://openalex.org/W2221996356","https://openalex.org/W2239666518","https://openalex.org/W2250513429","https://openalex.org/W2294128834","https://openalex.org/W2483079083","https://openalex.org/W2511182434","https://openalex.org/W2591887805","https://openalex.org/W2620524678","https://openalex.org/W2743415196","https://openalex.org/W2752099845","https://openalex.org/W2785764136","https://openalex.org/W2950627632","https://openalex.org/W3011865677","https://openalex.org/W3122768711","https://openalex.org/W3123340585","https://openalex.org/W3125353710","https://openalex.org/W3134665189","https://openalex.org/W4235007239","https://openalex.org/W4243272515","https://openalex.org/W6674835114"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1486626671","https://openalex.org/W2153012318","https://openalex.org/W1543696273","https://openalex.org/W2125626150","https://openalex.org/W4379404267","https://openalex.org/W2045316876","https://openalex.org/W2736987351","https://openalex.org/W2255799226","https://openalex.org/W2661918375","https://openalex.org/W2025974577"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Information":[0],"security":[1,14,35,68,79,110,131,144],"professionals":[2,19,69,80,111],"have":[3],"to":[4,9,40,44,52,89,96,126],"assess":[5],"risk":[6,32,82,154],"in":[7,62,118,153],"order":[8],"make":[10,20,53],"investment":[11],"decisions":[12,22],"on":[13],"measures.":[15],"To":[16],"investigate":[17],"whether":[18],"such":[21,56],"optimally,":[23],"we":[24,122],"conduct":[25],"an":[26],"online":[27],"experiment":[28],"and":[29,51,65,83,86,132],"survey":[30],"measuring":[31],"attitudes":[33],"of":[34,48,98,102,109,139],"professionals.":[36],"Participants":[37],"were":[38],"asked":[39],"state":[41],"their":[42,60,94,143],"willingness-to-pay":[43],"avoid":[45],"a":[46,99,124],"series":[47],"losses-only":[49],"lotteries":[50,64],"choices":[54],"between":[55,130],"lotteries.":[57],"We":[58,92,104,134],"examine":[59],"behaviour":[61,95],"these":[63],"conclude":[66],"that":[67,78,97,106,136],"do":[70],"not":[71],"minimize":[72],"expected":[73],"losses.":[74],"Our":[75],"findings":[76],"suggest":[77],"are":[81,87,112,150],"ambiguity":[84],"averse":[85],"susceptible":[88],"framing":[90],"effects.":[91],"contrast":[93],"random":[100],"sample":[101],"students.":[103],"find":[105,135],"the":[107,137],"preferences":[108,129],"measurably":[113],"different":[114],"from":[115],"those":[116],"students":[117],"several":[119],"respects.":[120],"Finally,":[121],"devise":[123],"mechanism":[125],"elicit":[127],"professionals\u2019":[128,140],"operability.":[133],"nature":[138],"employment":[141],"influences":[142],"versus":[145],"operability":[146],"preferences.":[147],"These":[148],"factors":[149],"usually":[151],"overlooked":[152],"assessment":[155],"methodologies.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-19T21:40:30.786675","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
