{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401339250","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cybsec/tyae014","title":"Narrow windows of opportunity: the limited utility of cyber operations in war","display_name":"Narrow windows of opportunity: the limited utility of cyber operations in war","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401339250","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cybsec/tyae014"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/cybsec/tyae014","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cybsec/tyae014","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/cybersecurity/article-pdf/10/1/tyae014/58734384/tyae014.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2735156331","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2057-2085","issn":["2057-2085","2057-2093"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/cybersecurity/article-pdf/10/1/tyae014/58734384/tyae014.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106319892","display_name":"Frederik A H Pedersen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5392-285X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99412970","display_name":"Schools of Visual Arts, The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts","ror":"https://ror.org/02xz41712","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99412970"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frederik A H Pedersen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Joint Signals Regiment, Royal Danish Army , Ryes Kaserne, Fredericia ,","Joint Signals Regiment, Royal Danish Army , Ryes Kaserne, Fredericia , Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5392-285X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Joint Signals Regiment, Royal Danish Army , Ryes Kaserne, Fredericia ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99412970"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Joint Signals Regiment, Royal Danish Army , Ryes Kaserne, Fredericia , Denmark","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018471020","display_name":"Jeppe Teglskov Jacobsen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4931-1008"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093470","display_name":"Royal Danish Defence College","ror":"https://ror.org/00h2bx184","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093470"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jeppe T Jacobsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Royal Danish Defence College, Ryvangs All\u00e9 1 , Copenhagen ,","Royal Danish Defence College, Ryvangs All\u00e9 1 , Copenhagen , Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4931-1008","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal Danish Defence College, Ryvangs All\u00e9 1 , Copenhagen ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093470"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal Danish Defence College, Ryvangs All\u00e9 1 , Copenhagen , Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093470"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018471020"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093470"],"apc_list":{"value":1864,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1864},"apc_paid":{"value":1864,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1864},"fwci":18.6407,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99023813,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12221","display_name":"Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare Studies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12221","display_name":"Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare Studies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12572","display_name":"Intelligence, Security, War Strategy","score":0.9805999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4313785433769226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4059419631958008}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4313785433769226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4059419631958008}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/cybsec/tyae014","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cybsec/tyae014","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/cybersecurity/article-pdf/10/1/tyae014/58734384/tyae014.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2735156331","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2057-2085","issn":["2057-2085","2057-2093"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/cybsec/tyae014","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cybsec/tyae014","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/cybersecurity/article-pdf/10/1/tyae014/58734384/tyae014.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2735156331","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2057-2085","issn":["2057-2085","2057-2093"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6000000238418579,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401339250.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":90,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W330488254","https://openalex.org/W753845210","https://openalex.org/W1487480323","https://openalex.org/W1510448193","https://openalex.org/W1530715721","https://openalex.org/W1576087156","https://openalex.org/W1745290066","https://openalex.org/W1972914161","https://openalex.org/W1973976604","https://openalex.org/W1976892625","https://openalex.org/W1979107411","https://openalex.org/W1993595248","https://openalex.org/W2006703464","https://openalex.org/W2008906551","https://openalex.org/W2015718843","https://openalex.org/W2048627029","https://openalex.org/W2060490410","https://openalex.org/W2078719577","https://openalex.org/W2110485449","https://openalex.org/W2171151801","https://openalex.org/W2212112878","https://openalex.org/W2264042710","https://openalex.org/W2280306538","https://openalex.org/W2547114141","https://openalex.org/W2551414838","https://openalex.org/W2567613539","https://openalex.org/W2584161158","https://openalex.org/W2585166575","https://openalex.org/W2591842739","https://openalex.org/W2602213083","https://openalex.org/W2616908822","https://openalex.org/W2767475871","https://openalex.org/W2786480653","https://openalex.org/W2791082345","https://openalex.org/W2800071259","https://openalex.org/W2807229110","https://openalex.org/W2887209268","https://openalex.org/W2896921551","https://openalex.org/W2910955879","https://openalex.org/W2927957392","https://openalex.org/W2959892133","https://openalex.org/W2969629572","https://openalex.org/W2970963972","https://openalex.org/W3004233531","https://openalex.org/W3006060110","https://openalex.org/W3009137258","https://openalex.org/W3039838160","https://openalex.org/W3045635763","https://openalex.org/W3085983398","https://openalex.org/W3086324607","https://openalex.org/W3086675985","https://openalex.org/W3095431463","https://openalex.org/W3097128724","https://openalex.org/W3146726314","https://openalex.org/W3165123796","https://openalex.org/W3187241870","https://openalex.org/W3189906130","https://openalex.org/W3208169247","https://openalex.org/W3210459530","https://openalex.org/W4210803155","https://openalex.org/W4225691185","https://openalex.org/W4235553024","https://openalex.org/W4238643713","https://openalex.org/W4243044049","https://openalex.org/W4281783173","https://openalex.org/W4285045378","https://openalex.org/W4288074764","https://openalex.org/W4292191347","https://openalex.org/W4296502866","https://openalex.org/W4296612732","https://openalex.org/W4296623435","https://openalex.org/W4321220298","https://openalex.org/W4383959933","https://openalex.org/W6622379706","https://openalex.org/W6629121515","https://openalex.org/W6631773273","https://openalex.org/W6693088832","https://openalex.org/W6695344023","https://openalex.org/W6729002238","https://openalex.org/W6729821979","https://openalex.org/W6734062332","https://openalex.org/W6783018115","https://openalex.org/W6798965641","https://openalex.org/W6820668274","https://openalex.org/W6841084934","https://openalex.org/W6843457033","https://openalex.org/W6849519447","https://openalex.org/W6964989764","https://openalex.org/W7000710045","https://openalex.org/W7046442694"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W4395014643"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,81],"use":[2],"of":[3,86,102,106,125,158,172,217],"offensive":[4,25,65],"cyber":[5,26,66,87,128,161,208],"operations":[6,27,67,88,108,129],"in":[7,29,68,89,154,169,193,219],"war":[8,69,90],"is":[9,34,91,146,167,178],"no":[10],"longer":[11],"theoretical":[12],"conjecture.":[13],"Still,":[14,135],"as":[15],"we":[16],"witness":[17],"their":[18,35],"use,":[19],"important":[20],"questions":[21,44],"remain.":[22],"How":[23],"are":[24,110],"employed":[28],"conventional":[30,126],"warfighting,":[31],"and":[32,63,79,116,119,127,152,164,200],"what":[33],"utility":[36,85,141,145,166],"for":[37,60,97,139,203,211],"the":[38,51,56,71,84,123,170,175,194,214],"warfighting?":[39],"This":[40],"article":[41,82],"answers":[42],"these":[43],"by":[45,148],"analyzing":[46,62,207],"new":[47],"empirical":[48],"evidence":[49],"from":[50],"Russo\u2013Ukrainian":[52],"War,":[53],"drawing":[54],"on":[55,213],"novel":[57],"TECI-model":[58],"built":[59],"systematically":[61,206],"understanding":[64],"through":[70],"model\u2019s":[72],"four":[73],"constituent":[74],"variables:":[75],"target,":[76],"effect,":[77],"complexity,":[78],"integration.":[80],"finds":[83],"limited":[92],"owing":[93],"to":[94,113,131],"an":[95],"unsuitability":[96],"physical":[98],"destruction,":[99],"high":[100,104],"risks":[101],"failure,":[103],"costs":[105],"complex":[107,160],"that":[109],"more":[111],"likely":[112],"attain":[114],"successful":[115],"destructive":[117],"effects,":[118],"a":[120,155,191,198],"dichotomy":[121,177],"between":[122],"tempi":[124],"leading":[130],"cross-domain":[132,182],"integration":[133,183],"difficulties.":[134],"two":[136],"narrow":[137],"windows":[138],"achieving":[140],"exist.":[142],"Cumulative":[143],"strategic":[144],"achievable":[147,168],"targeting":[149],"critical":[150],"infrastructure":[151],"governments":[153],"persistent":[156],"barrage":[157],"less":[159,179],"operations.":[162],"Operational":[163],"tactical":[165],"beginning":[171],"warfighting":[173,188],"where":[174],"temporal":[176],"pronounced":[180],"because":[181],"can":[184],"be":[185],"planned":[186],"before":[187],"commences.":[189],"Filling":[190],"gap":[192],"literature,":[195],"TECI":[196],"provides":[197],"common":[199],"operationalized":[201],"model":[202],"future":[204],"research":[205],"operations,":[209],"allowing":[210],"comparisons":[212],"evolving":[215],"role":[216],"cyberspace":[218],"war.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-07T13:39:58.223016","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}