{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396754180","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cybsec/tyae006","title":"The simple economics of an external shock to a bug bounty platform","display_name":"The simple economics of an external shock to a bug bounty platform","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396754180","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cybsec/tyae006"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/cybsec/tyae006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cybsec/tyae006","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/cybersecurity/article-pdf/10/1/tyae006/57449899/tyae006.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2735156331","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2057-2085","issn":["2057-2085","2057-2093"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/cybersecurity/article-pdf/10/1/tyae006/57449899/tyae006.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079469010","display_name":"Aviram Zrahia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1001-2668"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aviram Zrahia","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Department of Public Policy, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 6997801 ,","The Department of Public Policy, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 6997801 , Israel"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1001-2668","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Department of Public Policy, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 6997801 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Department of Public Policy, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 6997801 , Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032408442","display_name":"Neil Gandal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0031-569X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87208437","display_name":"University of Tulsa","ror":"https://ror.org/04wn28048","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87208437"]}],"countries":["IL","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neil Gandal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Berglas School of Economics, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 6997801 ,","School of Cyber Studies, University of Tulsa , Tulsa, OK 74104 ,","School of Cyber Studies, University of Tulsa , Tulsa, OK 74104 , USA","Berglas School of Economics, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 6997801 , Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Berglas School of Economics, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 6997801 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Studies, University of Tulsa , Tulsa, OK 74104 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87208437"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Studies, University of Tulsa , Tulsa, OK 74104 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87208437"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Berglas School of Economics, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 6997801 , Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001472889","display_name":"Sarit Markovich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5993-5500"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801857525","display_name":"Kellogg's (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/02y751y19","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801857525","https://openalex.org/I4210105924"]}],"countries":["CA","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarit Markovich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University , Evanston, IL 60208,","Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University , Evanston, IL 60208, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University , Evanston, IL 60208,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921","https://openalex.org/I2801857525"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University , Evanston, IL 60208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108453873","display_name":"Michael Riordan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Riordan","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Department of Economics, Columbia University , New York, NY 10027,","The Department of Economics, Columbia University , New York, NY 10027, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Department of Economics, Columbia University , New York, NY 10027,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Department of Economics, Columbia University , New York, NY 10027, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079469010"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"],"apc_list":{"value":1864,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1864},"apc_paid":{"value":1864,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1864},"fwci":1.5892,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87018727,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11437","display_name":"Digital Platforms and Economics","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11437","display_name":"Digital Platforms and Economics","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shock","display_name":"Shock (circulatory)","score":0.7082431316375732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hacker","display_name":"Hacker","score":0.686702311038971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.6346127390861511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5444570183753967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4820862114429474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/download","display_name":"Download","score":0.47784873843193054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.4589129686355591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.44142961502075195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.4221775233745575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4116533398628235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.36870068311691284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.3409940004348755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.182708740234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.137093186378479}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781300812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178061","display_name":"Shock (circulatory)","level":2,"score":0.7082431316375732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86844869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798820","display_name":"Hacker","level":2,"score":0.686702311038971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6346127390861511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5444570183753967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4820862114429474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780154274","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7126717","display_name":"Download","level":2,"score":0.47784873843193054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.4589129686355591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.44142961502075195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4221775233745575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4116533398628235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.36870068311691284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3409940004348755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.182708740234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.137093186378479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/cybsec/tyae006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cybsec/tyae006","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/cybersecurity/article-pdf/10/1/tyae006/57449899/tyae006.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2735156331","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2057-2085","issn":["2057-2085","2057-2093"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/cybsec/tyae006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cybsec/tyae006","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/cybersecurity/article-pdf/10/1/tyae006/57449899/tyae006.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2735156331","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2057-2085","issn":["2057-2085","2057-2093"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322596","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396754180.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W77047371","https://openalex.org/W1483280370","https://openalex.org/W1887622249","https://openalex.org/W2003891044","https://openalex.org/W2008975493","https://openalex.org/W2085225290","https://openalex.org/W2129998937","https://openalex.org/W2158894011","https://openalex.org/W2513442265","https://openalex.org/W2598566119","https://openalex.org/W2608833567","https://openalex.org/W2773892152","https://openalex.org/W2946540753","https://openalex.org/W2981475173","https://openalex.org/W3007381403","https://openalex.org/W3022734214","https://openalex.org/W3036035276","https://openalex.org/W3102446060","https://openalex.org/W3123826659","https://openalex.org/W3135257712","https://openalex.org/W3137870677","https://openalex.org/W4246774680","https://openalex.org/W4249337050","https://openalex.org/W4255080649","https://openalex.org/W4362455045","https://openalex.org/W6628901981","https://openalex.org/W6648542562","https://openalex.org/W6655774951","https://openalex.org/W6729829734","https://openalex.org/W6737284628","https://openalex.org/W6769570080","https://openalex.org/W6850830984"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2921504876","https://openalex.org/W2183842793","https://openalex.org/W2183730421","https://openalex.org/W1982580243","https://openalex.org/W2551868243","https://openalex.org/W2348153269","https://openalex.org/W4205613068","https://openalex.org/W3112956360","https://openalex.org/W2004781009","https://openalex.org/W1598020218"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"We":[1,56,100],"first":[2,43],"provide":[3],"background":[4],"on":[5,68,95,125,195],"the":[6,29,42,60,72,79,103,113,118,126,129,162,187,196],"\u201cnuts":[7],"and":[8,21,116,122,191],"bolts\u201d":[9],"of":[10,31,45,62,71,98,120,148,165,189],"a":[11,15,46,96,108,134,145,150,158,183],"bug":[12,192],"bounty":[13,193],"platform:":[14],"two-sided":[16],"marketplace":[17],"that":[18,102,179],"connects":[19],"firms":[20,190],"individual":[22],"security":[23,84],"researchers":[24,85,124],"(\u201cethical\u201d":[25],"hackers)":[26],"to":[27,107,144,170],"facilitate":[28],"discovery":[30],"software":[32,201],"vulnerabilities.":[33],"Researchers":[34],"get":[35],"acknowledged":[36],"for":[37,82],"valid":[38,141,166],"submissions,":[39,142,167],"but":[40],"only":[41],"submission":[44,173],"distinct":[47],"vulnerability":[48],"is":[49],"rewarded":[50],"money":[51],"in":[52,112,137,157,161,186],"this":[53,171],"tournament-like":[54],"setting.":[55],"then":[57],"empirically":[58],"examine":[59],"effect":[61],"an":[63],"exogenous":[64,104],"external":[65],"shock":[66,76,105],"(COVID-19)":[67],"Bugcrowd,":[69],"one":[70],"leading":[73,143],"platforms.":[74],"The":[75,153,176],"presumably":[77],"reduced":[78],"opportunity":[80],"set":[81],"many":[83,198],"who":[86],"might":[87],"have":[88,204],"lost":[89],"their":[90],"jobs":[91],"or":[92],"been":[93,182,205],"placed":[94],"leave":[97],"absence.":[99],"show":[101],"led":[106],"huge":[109],"rightward":[110],"shift":[111],"supply":[114,154],"curve":[115],"increased":[117],"number":[119,188],"submissions":[121],"new":[123],"platform.":[127],"During":[128],"COVID":[130],"period,":[131],"there":[132,181],"was":[133],"significant":[135,159],"growth":[136],"duplicate":[138,172],"(already":[139],"known)":[140],"lower":[146],"probability":[147],"winning":[149],"monetary":[151],"reward.":[152],"increase":[155,185],"resulted":[156],"decline":[160],"equilibrium":[163],"price":[164],"mostly":[168],"due":[169],"supply-side":[174],"effect.":[175],"results":[177],"suggest":[178],"had":[180],"larger":[184],"programs":[194],"platform,":[197],"more":[199],"unique":[200],"vulnerabilities":[202],"could":[203],"discovered.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}