{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3111332710","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cybsec/tyaa020","title":"Decomposition and sequential-AND analysis of known cyber-attacks on critical infrastructure control systems","display_name":"Decomposition and sequential-AND analysis of known cyber-attacks on critical infrastructure control systems","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3111332710","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cybsec/tyaa020","mag":"3111332710"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/cybsec/tyaa020","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cybsec/tyaa020","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/cybersecurity/article-pdf/6/1/tyaa020/34903569/tyaa020.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2735156331","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2057-2085","issn":["2057-2085","2057-2093"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/cybersecurity/article-pdf/6/1/tyaa020/34903569/tyaa020.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091285447","display_name":"Peter Maynard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6267-7530"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peter Maynard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Secure Information Technologies, Queen\u2019s University, University Road, Belfast, GB BT7 1NN, UK","Centre for Secure Information Technologies, Queen's University, University Road, Belfast, GB BT7 1NN, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Secure Information Technologies, Queen\u2019s University, University Road, Belfast, GB BT7 1NN, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Secure Information Technologies, Queen's University, University Road, Belfast, GB BT7 1NN, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027789250","display_name":"Kieran McLaughlin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1299-2364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kieran McLaughlin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Secure Information Technologies, Queen\u2019s University, University Road, Belfast, GB BT7 1NN, UK","Centre for Secure Information Technologies, Queen's University, University Road, Belfast, GB BT7 1NN, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Secure Information Technologies, Queen\u2019s University, University Road, Belfast, GB BT7 1NN, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Secure Information Technologies, Queen's University, University Road, Belfast, GB BT7 1NN, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103020013","display_name":"Sakir Sezer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2857-616X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sakir Sezer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Secure Information Technologies, Queen\u2019s University, University Road, Belfast, GB BT7 1NN, UK","Centre for Secure Information Technologies, Queen's University, University Road, Belfast, GB BT7 1NN, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Secure Information Technologies, Queen\u2019s University, University Road, Belfast, GB BT7 1NN, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Secure Information Technologies, Queen's University, University Road, Belfast, GB BT7 1NN, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091285447"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"apc_list":{"value":1864,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1864},"apc_paid":{"value":1864,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1864},"fwci":0.8904,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74939699,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-control-system","display_name":"Industrial control system","score":0.7441900372505188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7015437483787537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.663415789604187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.6628358960151672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6390986442565918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6080184578895569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5560758709907532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5475555062294006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-attack","display_name":"Cyber-attack","score":0.537127673625946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.4859694242477417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.44048500061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decomposition","display_name":"Decomposition","score":0.4292775094509125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3585445284843445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.14564740657806396}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40071531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2513962","display_name":"Industrial control system","level":3,"score":0.7441900372505188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7015437483787537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.663415789604187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.6628358960151672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6390986442565918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6080184578895569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5560758709907532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5475555062294006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201307755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4071928","display_name":"Cyber-attack","level":2,"score":0.537127673625946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4859694242477417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.44048500061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124681953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339062","display_name":"Decomposition","level":2,"score":0.4292775094509125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3585445284843445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.14564740657806396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/cybsec/tyaa020","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cybsec/tyaa020","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/cybersecurity/article-pdf/6/1/tyaa020/34903569/tyaa020.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2735156331","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2057-2085","issn":["2057-2085","2057-2093"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.qub.ac.uk/portal:publications/6bc23605-38a7-4d48-8dce-e4f5dc21dc2b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/6bc23605-38a7-4d48-8dce-e4f5dc21dc2b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402319","display_name":"Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","host_organization_name":"Queen's University Belfast","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Maynard, P, McLaughlin, K & Sezer, S 2020, 'Decomposition and sequential-AND analysis of known cyber-attacks on critical infrastructure control systems', Journal of Cybersecurity, vol. 6, no. 1. https://doi.org/10.1093/cybsec/tyaa020","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk:161744","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/161744/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401195","display_name":"ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","host_organization_name":"Cardiff University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/cybsec/tyaa020","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cybsec/tyaa020","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/cybersecurity/article-pdf/6/1/tyaa020/34903569/tyaa020.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2735156331","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2057-2085","issn":["2057-2085","2057-2093"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6299999952316284,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2241406505","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R007187/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5445011987","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/K004379/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6577499357","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/N508664/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8856505179","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/N022866/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3111332710.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3111332710.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W201786483","https://openalex.org/W1533876796","https://openalex.org/W1579904204","https://openalex.org/W1979237405","https://openalex.org/W1991160483","https://openalex.org/W1991766488","https://openalex.org/W2012446724","https://openalex.org/W2039427951","https://openalex.org/W2041938856","https://openalex.org/W2240316704","https://openalex.org/W2272781217","https://openalex.org/W2330650066","https://openalex.org/W2343999537","https://openalex.org/W2397410996","https://openalex.org/W2504630891","https://openalex.org/W2504665468","https://openalex.org/W2540359925","https://openalex.org/W2549564909","https://openalex.org/W2613654158","https://openalex.org/W2620598574","https://openalex.org/W2694044524","https://openalex.org/W2768965175","https://openalex.org/W2775627993","https://openalex.org/W2789825598","https://openalex.org/W2905647132","https://openalex.org/W2990623250","https://openalex.org/W3138419783","https://openalex.org/W3202605396","https://openalex.org/W4229485925"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3203827585","https://openalex.org/W2904712365","https://openalex.org/W2937619061","https://openalex.org/W2728426605","https://openalex.org/W383057355","https://openalex.org/W4285232627","https://openalex.org/W2801513872","https://openalex.org/W2783885350","https://openalex.org/W4381193137","https://openalex.org/W4382050647"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"We":[1,106],"perform":[2],"a":[3,41,52,70,75,135],"detailed":[4,25],"survey":[5],"and":[6,30,96,133,157],"analysis":[7,129],"of":[8,44,50,54,77,111,117,130,137],"the":[9,20,36,48,60,78,99,109,115,138],"most":[10],"significant":[11],"attacks,":[12],"which":[13],"have":[14],"targeted":[15],"industrial":[16,100],"control":[17,62,101],"systems":[18],"over":[19],"past":[21],"decade,":[22],"based":[23],"on":[24,59,108],"incident":[26],"reports":[27],"from":[28],"scientific":[29],"non-traditional":[31],"resources.":[32],"This":[33,119],"work":[34],"is":[35,66,88],"first":[37],"that":[38],"considers":[39],"together":[40],"comprehensive":[42,71],"set":[43,53],"real-world":[45],"cyber-attacks":[46],"with":[47,93],"purpose":[49],"deriving":[51],"common":[55],"features":[56],"focusing":[57],"particularly":[58],"process":[61],"network.":[63],"Each":[64],"attack":[65,87],"decomposed":[67],"to":[68,98,147,152],"provide":[69],"overview":[72],"followed":[73],"by":[74],"discussion":[76,136],"commonalities":[79,143],"identified":[80],"across":[81],"attacks.":[82],"To":[83],"achieve":[84],"this,":[85],"each":[86,131],"modelled":[89],"using":[90],"Attack":[91],"Trees":[92],"Sequential":[94],"AND,":[95],"mapped":[97],"system":[102],"Cyber":[103],"Kill":[104],"Chain.":[105],"focus":[107],"methods":[110],"intrusion":[112],"rather":[113],"than":[114],"identification":[116],"actors.":[118],"article":[120],"can":[121,144],"be":[122,145],"read":[123],"in":[124],"two":[125],"parts:":[126],"first,":[127],"an":[128],"attack,":[132],"secondly":[134],"derived":[139],"commonalities.":[140],"The":[141],"resulting":[142],"used":[146],"develop":[148],"improved":[149],"detection":[150],"strategies":[151],"detect":[153],"modern":[154],"adversarial":[155],"techniques":[156],"tactics.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-13T16:22:10.518609","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}