{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7138984257","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comnet/cnag004","title":"Cognitive networks highlight differences and similarities in the STEM mindsets of human and LLM-simulated trainees, experts and academics","display_name":"Cognitive networks highlight differences and similarities in the STEM mindsets of human and LLM-simulated trainees, experts and academics","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7138984257","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comnet/cnag004"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/comnet/cnag004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comnet/cnag004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2531583244","display_name":"Journal of Complex Networks","issn_l":"2051-1310","issn":["2051-1310","2051-1329"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Complex Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comnet/cnag004","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Edith Haim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4244-904X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127676","display_name":"Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/045yf0774","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30771326","https://openalex.org/I4210127676"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edith Haim","raw_affiliation_strings":["CogNosco Lab, Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento , Rovereto, 38068,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4244-904X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CogNosco Lab, Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento , Rovereto, 38068,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587","https://openalex.org/I4210127676"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lars van den Bergh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12607205","display_name":"HOGENT University of Applied Sciences and Arts","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs45z86","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12607205"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801227569","display_name":"Ghent University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00xmkp704","country_code":"BE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801227569"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lars van den Bergh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Data Analysis, Ghent University , Ghent, 9000,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Analysis, Ghent University , Ghent, 9000,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12607205","https://openalex.org/I2801227569","https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Cynthia S Q Siew","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3384-7374"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cynthia S Q Siew","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore , Singapore, 119077,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3384-7374","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore , Singapore, 119077,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yoed N Kenett","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3872-7689"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174306211","display_name":"Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03qryx823","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yoed N Kenett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Data and Decision Sciences, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa, 3200003,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3872-7689","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Data and Decision Sciences, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa, 3200003,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Daniele Marinazzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9803-0122"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12607205","display_name":"HOGENT University of Applied Sciences and Arts","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs45z86","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12607205"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801227569","display_name":"Ghent University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00xmkp704","country_code":"BE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801227569"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniele Marinazzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Data Analysis, Ghent University , Ghent, 9000,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9803-0122","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Analysis, Ghent University , Ghent, 9000,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12607205","https://openalex.org/I2801227569","https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Massimo Stella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1810-9699"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127676","display_name":"Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/045yf0774","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30771326","https://openalex.org/I4210127676"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Massimo Stella","raw_affiliation_strings":["CogNosco Lab, Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento , Rovereto, 38068,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1810-9699","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CogNosco Lab, Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento , Rovereto, 38068,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587","https://openalex.org/I4210127676"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4151,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4151},"apc_paid":{"value":4151,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4151},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.24857178,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12887","display_name":"Educational Strategies and Epistemologies","score":0.1340000033378601,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12887","display_name":"Educational Strategies and Epistemologies","score":0.1340000033378601,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.10050000250339508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10072","display_name":"Science Education and Pedagogy","score":0.07429999858140945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mindset","display_name":"Mindset","score":0.7720999717712402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.7063000202178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5228999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-architecture","display_name":"Cognitive architecture","score":0.36660000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuropsychology","display_name":"Neuropsychology","score":0.3149000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-cognition","display_name":"Social cognition","score":0.3116999864578247}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778491294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1339824","display_name":"Mindset","level":2,"score":0.7720999717712402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.7063000202178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.536899983882904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.52920001745224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5228999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4049000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20854674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4386060","display_name":"Cognitive architecture","level":3,"score":0.36660000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3255999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14216870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3872","display_name":"Neuropsychology","level":3,"score":0.3149000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86658582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432778","display_name":"Social cognition","level":3,"score":0.3116999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.310699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24726157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23407","display_name":"Philosophy of mind","level":3,"score":0.28850001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993724205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315","display_name":"Human language","level":2,"score":0.2800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.265500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170494330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778434","display_name":"Cognitive map","level":3,"score":0.2538999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.25380000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986342778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Cognitive systems","level":3,"score":0.25130000710487366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/comnet/cnag004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comnet/cnag004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2531583244","display_name":"Journal of Complex Networks","issn_l":"2051-1310","issn":["2051-1310","2051-1329"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Complex Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:archive.ugent.be:01KM2ZW166502S802BPE8WCC26","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-01KM2ZW166502S802BPE8WCC26","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400478","display_name":"Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","host_organization_name":"Ghent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 2051-1329","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/comnet/cnag004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comnet/cnag004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2531583244","display_name":"Journal of Complex Networks","issn_l":"2051-1310","issn":["2051-1310","2051-1329"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Complex Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7814240455627441,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970463918","https://openalex.org/W1974588999","https://openalex.org/W2009295735","https://openalex.org/W2082092349","https://openalex.org/W2086438570","https://openalex.org/W2092506696","https://openalex.org/W2106154564","https://openalex.org/W2117500413","https://openalex.org/W2149628368","https://openalex.org/W2150375290","https://openalex.org/W2169365000","https://openalex.org/W2223227097","https://openalex.org/W2783488042","https://openalex.org/W2888799175","https://openalex.org/W2889071891","https://openalex.org/W2897630418","https://openalex.org/W2908875558","https://openalex.org/W2949527586","https://openalex.org/W2980793079","https://openalex.org/W3009570326","https://openalex.org/W3015266717","https://openalex.org/W3018630162","https://openalex.org/W3090441351","https://openalex.org/W3109014588","https://openalex.org/W3162063495","https://openalex.org/W3172152844","https://openalex.org/W4225484436","https://openalex.org/W4235019172","https://openalex.org/W4311188379","https://openalex.org/W4381104250","https://openalex.org/W4382583857","https://openalex.org/W4387665053","https://openalex.org/W4392768505","https://openalex.org/W4393074580","https://openalex.org/W4400549596","https://openalex.org/W4401506443","https://openalex.org/W4401609675","https://openalex.org/W4402713326","https://openalex.org/W4404202190","https://openalex.org/W4405073534","https://openalex.org/W4405971183","https://openalex.org/W4413877910","https://openalex.org/W4414311502","https://openalex.org/W4415123123","https://openalex.org/W4416584882","https://openalex.org/W7124976812"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Understanding":[1],"attitudes":[2],"towards":[3],"STEM":[4,106,120,155],"means":[5],"quantifying":[6],"the":[7,34,65],"cognitive":[8,124,177],"and":[9,15,41,48,62,98,145,158,182],"emotional":[10],"ways":[11,38],"in":[12,58,110,138,150,164],"which":[13],"individuals,":[14],"potentially":[16],"large":[17,160],"language":[18,161],"models":[19,162],"too,":[20],"conceptualise":[21],"such":[22],"subjects.":[23],"This":[24,167],"study":[25],"uses":[26],"behavioural":[27],"forma":[28,78],"mentis":[29,79],"networks":[30,80,131],"(BFMNs)":[31],"to":[32,87,96,170],"investigate":[33],"STEM-focused":[35],"mindset,":[36],"i.e.":[37],"of":[39,44,67,101,119],"associating":[40],"perceiving":[42],"ideas,":[43],"177":[45,49],"human":[46,77,91,144],"participants":[47],"artificial":[50],"humans":[51],"simulated":[52],"by":[53],"GPT-3.5.":[54],"Participants":[55],"were":[56],"split":[57],"3":[59],"groups—trainees,":[60],"experts":[61],"academics—to":[63],"compare":[64],"influence":[66],"expertise":[68],"level":[69],"on":[70],"their":[71,123],"mindsets.":[72,141],"The":[73],"results":[74],"revealed":[75],"that":[76,90],"exhibited":[81],"significantly":[82],"higher":[83],"clustering":[84,114],"coefficients":[85],"compared":[86],"GPT-3.5’s,":[88],"indicating":[89],"mindsets":[92,147],"displayed":[93],"a":[94],"tendency":[95],"form":[97],"close":[99],"triads":[100],"conceptual":[102],"associations":[103],"while":[104],"recollecting":[105],"ideas.":[107],"Human":[108],"experts,":[109],"particular,":[111],"demonstrated":[112],"robust":[113],"coefficients,":[115],"reflecting":[116],"better":[117],"integration":[118],"concepts":[121],"into":[122],"networks.":[125],"In":[126],"contrast,":[127],"GPT-3.5":[128],"produced":[129],"sparser":[130],"with":[132],"weaker":[133],"clustering,":[134],"highlighting":[135],"its":[136],"limitations":[137],"replicating":[139],"human-like":[140],"Furthermore,":[142],"both":[143],"GPT":[146],"framed":[148],"‘mathematics’":[149],"neutral/positive":[151],"terms,":[152],"differently":[153],"from":[154],"high-schoolers,":[156],"researchers":[157],"other":[159,165],"sampled":[163],"works.":[166],"research":[168],"contributes":[169],"understanding":[171],"how":[172],"mindset":[173],"structure":[174,181],"can":[175],"provide":[176],"insights":[178],"about":[179],"memory":[180],"machine":[183],"limitations.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-12-10T00:00:00"}