{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226062897","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comnet/cnac008","title":"The geometrical shapes of violence: predicting and explaining terrorist operations through graph embeddings","display_name":"The geometrical shapes of violence: predicting and explaining terrorist operations through graph embeddings","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226062897","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comnet/cnac008"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/comnet/cnac008","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comnet/cnac008","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2531583244","display_name":"Journal of Complex Networks","issn_l":"2051-1310","issn":["2051-1310","2051-1329"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Complex Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023509726","display_name":"Gian Maria Campedelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7734-7956"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gian Maria Campedelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sociology and Social Research, University of Trento , Via Verdi 26, 38122 Trento, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7734-7956","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sociology and Social Research, University of Trento , Via Verdi 26, 38122 Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046439802","display_name":"Janet Layne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9533-5599"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120156002","display_name":"Boise State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e3zdp86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120156002"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Janet Layne","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Boise State University . 777 W Main St., Boise, ID 83702, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Boise State University . 777 W Main St., Boise, ID 83702, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120156002"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078397452","display_name":"Jack Herzoff","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120156002","display_name":"Boise State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e3zdp86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120156002"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jack Herzoff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Boise State University . 777 W Main St., Boise, ID 83702, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Boise State University . 777 W Main St., Boise, ID 83702, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120156002"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009094578","display_name":"Edoardo Serra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0689-5063"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120156002","display_name":"Boise State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e3zdp86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120156002"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edoardo Serra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Boise State University . 777 W Main St., Boise, ID 83702, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Boise State University . 777 W Main St., Boise, ID 83702, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120156002"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023509726"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"],"apc_list":{"value":4151,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4151},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3607,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75122908,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10994","display_name":"Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.8102046847343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrorism","display_name":"Terrorism","score":0.7246478796005249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.6449548006057739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.5977679491043091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5583403706550598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.5278900861740112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-embedding","display_name":"Graph embedding","score":0.4440980851650238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.41514867544174194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.19184333086013794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.18934670090675354}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.8102046847343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203133693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7283","display_name":"Terrorism","level":2,"score":0.7246478796005249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.6449548006057739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5977679491043091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5583403706550598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.5278900861740112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75564084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5597085","display_name":"Graph embedding","level":3,"score":0.4440980851650238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.41514867544174194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19184333086013794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.18934670090675354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/comnet/cnac008","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comnet/cnac008","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2531583244","display_name":"Journal of Complex Networks","issn_l":"2051-1310","issn":["2051-1310","2051-1329"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Complex Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.boisestate.edu:cs_facpubs-1363","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/cs_facpubs/354","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196366","display_name":"Scholar Works  (Boise State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I120156002","host_organization_name":"Boise State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120156002"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computer Science Faculty Publications and Presentations","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unitn.it:11572/343631","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11572/343631","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401913","display_name":"Institutional Research Information System (Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Trento)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","host_organization_name":"University of Trento","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.47999998927116394}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G321844918","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSF REU 1820685","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":75,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1857856946","https://openalex.org/W1974832079","https://openalex.org/W1979033903","https://openalex.org/W1999827035","https://openalex.org/W2001659822","https://openalex.org/W2003631502","https://openalex.org/W2005573060","https://openalex.org/W2021663163","https://openalex.org/W2023808100","https://openalex.org/W2032403750","https://openalex.org/W2048712392","https://openalex.org/W2069907427","https://openalex.org/W2090961229","https://openalex.org/W2094943624","https://openalex.org/W2110045506","https://openalex.org/W2112138383","https://openalex.org/W2122131856","https://openalex.org/W2127223596","https://openalex.org/W2144661490","https://openalex.org/W2148342897","https://openalex.org/W2154289236","https://openalex.org/W2157348365","https://openalex.org/W2160561671","https://openalex.org/W2160696964","https://openalex.org/W2171752650","https://openalex.org/W2184521191","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2329382722","https://openalex.org/W2343651452","https://openalex.org/W2347192096","https://openalex.org/W2527484061","https://openalex.org/W2542429253","https://openalex.org/W2586168240","https://openalex.org/W2594475271","https://openalex.org/W2607500032","https://openalex.org/W2618657244","https://openalex.org/W2623954542","https://openalex.org/W2742900415","https://openalex.org/W2772358333","https://openalex.org/W2782212259","https://openalex.org/W2792234394","https://openalex.org/W2804685743","https://openalex.org/W2937599314","https://openalex.org/W2962711740","https://openalex.org/W2962756421","https://openalex.org/W2964015378","https://openalex.org/W2964204773","https://openalex.org/W2969655854","https://openalex.org/W2980352093","https://openalex.org/W3013733130","https://openalex.org/W3037843003","https://openalex.org/W3042767251","https://openalex.org/W3049115865","https://openalex.org/W3087257704","https://openalex.org/W3102794461","https://openalex.org/W3105100443","https://openalex.org/W3122103792","https://openalex.org/W3124535153","https://openalex.org/W3124635965","https://openalex.org/W3137717089","https://openalex.org/W3154915120","https://openalex.org/W3156372597","https://openalex.org/W4200617523","https://openalex.org/W4252326387","https://openalex.org/W4255713455","https://openalex.org/W4293651439","https://openalex.org/W6681444509","https://openalex.org/W6682732596","https://openalex.org/W6683239355","https://openalex.org/W6726873649","https://openalex.org/W6734862562","https://openalex.org/W6738964360","https://openalex.org/W6744557953","https://openalex.org/W6754929296","https://openalex.org/W6783827371"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3206528106","https://openalex.org/W3036264823","https://openalex.org/W2912814903","https://openalex.org/W2123605750","https://openalex.org/W2088740331","https://openalex.org/W3038102983","https://openalex.org/W2950907416","https://openalex.org/W1559483280","https://openalex.org/W2082479932","https://openalex.org/W2932872266"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Behaviours":[1],"across":[2],"terrorist":[3],"groups":[4,113],"differ":[5],"based":[6,94],"on":[7,52,95],"a":[8,43,74],"variety":[9],"of":[10,30,42,123,136],"factors,":[11],"such":[12],"as":[13],"groups\u2019":[14],"resources":[15],"or":[16],"objectives.":[17],"We":[18,33,110],"here":[19],"show":[20],"that":[21,97,112,128],"organizations":[22],"can":[23,114],"also":[24],"be":[25,115],"distinguished":[26],"by":[27,55,133],"network":[28],"representations":[29],"their":[31,124],"operations.":[32],"provide":[34],"evidence":[35],"in":[36,39,47,66],"this":[37],"direction":[38],"the":[40,60,64,67,80,107,119,134],"frame":[41],"computational":[44],"methodology":[45],"organized":[46],"two":[48],"steps,":[49],"exploiting":[50],"data":[51],"attacks":[53],"plotted":[54],"Al":[56],"Shabaab,":[57],"Boko":[58],"Haram,":[59],"Islamic":[61],"State":[62],"and":[63,121,127],"Taliban":[65],"2013\u20132018":[68],"period.":[69],"First,":[70],"we":[71,88],"present":[72],"$\\textsf{LabeledSparseStruct}$,":[73,96],"graph":[75],"embedding":[76],"approach,":[77],"to":[78,118],"predict":[79],"group":[81],"associated":[82],"with":[83],"each":[84,102,129],"operational":[85,125],"meta-graph.":[86],"Second,":[87],"introduce":[89],"$\\textsf{SparseStructExplanation}$,":[90],"an":[91],"algorithmic":[92],"explainer":[93],"disentangles":[98],"characterizing":[99],"features":[100],"for":[101],"organization,":[103],"enhancing":[104],"interpretability":[105],"at":[106],"dyadic":[108,138],"level.":[109],"demonstrate":[111],"discriminated":[116],"according":[117],"structure":[120],"topology":[122],"meta-graphs,":[126],"organization":[130],"is":[131],"characterized":[132],"recurrence":[135],"specific":[137],"interactions":[139],"among":[140],"event":[141],"features.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}