{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2883300051","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxy071","title":"Fairness in Real-Time Energy Pricing for Smart Grid Using Unsupervised Learning","display_name":"Fairness in Real-Time Energy Pricing for Smart Grid Using Unsupervised Learning","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-06-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2883300051","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxy071","mag":"2883300051"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/comjnl/bxy071","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxy071","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S44643521","display_name":"The Computer Journal","issn_l":"0010-4620","issn":["0010-4620","1460-2067"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Computer Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074712632","display_name":"Hafiz Tayyeb Javed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201384688","display_name":"National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/003eyb898","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hafiz Tayyeb Javed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, A.K. Brohi Road, H-11/4, Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, A.K. Brohi Road, H-11/4, Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057413825","display_name":"Mirza Omer Beg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5789-2933"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201384688","display_name":"National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/003eyb898","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mirza Omer Beg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, A.K. Brohi Road, H-11/4, Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, A.K. Brohi Road, H-11/4, Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001939964","display_name":"Hasan Mujtaba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1099-215X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201384688","display_name":"National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/003eyb898","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hasan Mujtaba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, A.K. Brohi Road, H-11/4, Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, A.K. Brohi Road, H-11/4, Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068733133","display_name":"Hammad Majeed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7770-5899"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201384688","display_name":"National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/003eyb898","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hammad Majeed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, A.K. Brohi Road, H-11/4, Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, A.K. Brohi Road, H-11/4, Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088597454","display_name":"Muhammad Asim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2894-7891"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201384688","display_name":"National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/003eyb898","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Asim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, A.K. Brohi Road, H-11/4, Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2894-7891","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, A.K. Brohi Road, H-11/4, Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088597454"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"],"apc_list":{"value":2635,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":3232},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3888,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82325977,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":"3","first_page":"414","last_page":"429"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11954","display_name":"Energy Efficiency and Management","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7501529455184937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.562178373336792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.5499354600906372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4480474889278412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.435272216796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.33160635828971863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.32869964838027954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.06405100226402283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.05904793739318848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.053764134645462036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.051781803369522095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.03860682249069214}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7501529455184937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.562178373336792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.5499354600906372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4480474889278412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.435272216796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33160635828971863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.32869964838027954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.06405100226402283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.05904793739318848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.053764134645462036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.051781803369522095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.03860682249069214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/comjnl/bxy071","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxy071","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S44643521","display_name":"The Computer Journal","issn_l":"0010-4620","issn":["0010-4620","1460-2067"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Computer Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.47999998927116394,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W944327733","https://openalex.org/W1974054066","https://openalex.org/W1977556410","https://openalex.org/W1978684196","https://openalex.org/W1979823501","https://openalex.org/W2000302675","https://openalex.org/W2013225614","https://openalex.org/W2028934327","https://openalex.org/W2035525919","https://openalex.org/W2105848321","https://openalex.org/W2139041001","https://openalex.org/W2146352334","https://openalex.org/W2171920499","https://openalex.org/W2172486011","https://openalex.org/W2222845742","https://openalex.org/W2223556150","https://openalex.org/W2265944788","https://openalex.org/W2505510553","https://openalex.org/W2509134727","https://openalex.org/W2595397349","https://openalex.org/W2999424480","https://openalex.org/W3121625082","https://openalex.org/W6644682428"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2751256511","https://openalex.org/W1597785538","https://openalex.org/W2382521298","https://openalex.org/W2491804929","https://openalex.org/W2365075862","https://openalex.org/W2317225295","https://openalex.org/W2484643928","https://openalex.org/W2005920118","https://openalex.org/W1581129489","https://openalex.org/W2369252416"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,124],"capabilities":[1],"of":[2,121,147,152,181,190,207],"the":[3,11,17,47,67,98,150,163,170,179,205,210],"Smart":[4,12],"Grid":[5,13],"coupled":[6],"with":[7,204],"dynamic":[8,23,107,111],"pricing":[9,25,50,76,108,112],"enables":[10],"to":[14,56,59,61,69,79,114,192,194],"adaptively":[15],"manage":[16],"electricity":[18,155],"generation":[19],"and":[20,42,90,129,186,215],"distribution.":[21],"Several":[22],"real-time":[24,49,85,133,216],"schemes":[26,51,77],"have":[27,35,52],"been":[28,36,54],"proposed":[29,125],"in":[30,64,145,209],"recent":[31],"times":[32,120],"but":[33],"few":[34],"successfully":[37],"implemented":[38],"despite":[39],"their":[40],"economic":[41],"environmental":[43],"benefits.":[44],"In":[45,100],"particular,":[46],"current":[48],"not":[53],"able":[55],"incentivize":[57],"subscribers":[58,159,183,196,208],"respond":[60],"time-varying":[62],"prices":[63],"order":[65],"for":[66,82,161,197],"smart-grid":[68],"fully":[70],"benefit":[71],"from":[72,137],"such":[73],"pricing.":[74],"Traditional":[75],"failed":[78],"incorporate":[80],"fairness":[81],"end-users":[83],"because":[84],"data":[86],"gathering":[87],"was":[88],"expensive":[89,154],"impractical":[91],"before":[92],"smart":[93],"devices":[94],"were":[95],"incorporated":[96],"into":[97],"grid.":[99],"this":[101],"paper,":[102],"we":[103],"propose":[104],"a":[105,132,188],"novel":[106],"model,":[109],"fair":[110],"(FDP),":[113],"maintain":[115],"reliable":[116],"power":[117],"supply":[118],"during":[119,212],"peak":[122,148],"demand.":[123],"model":[126],"is":[127,156],"analyzed":[128],"evaluated":[130],"using":[131],"consumer":[134],"load":[135],"dataset":[136],"San":[138],"Diego,":[139],"CA,":[140],"USA.":[141],"We":[142],"demonstrate":[143],"that":[144,176],"periods":[146],"load,":[149],"burden":[151],"generating":[153],"placed":[157],"on":[158],"responsible":[160],"creating":[162],"peaks":[164],"rather":[165],"than":[166],"being":[167],"subsidized":[168],"by":[169,184],"remaining":[171],"subscribers.":[172],"Our":[173],"results":[174],"show":[175],"FDP":[177],"improves":[178],"rates":[180],"low-demand":[182],"18.4%":[185],"charges":[187],"penalty":[189],"up":[191],"34%":[193],"high-demand":[195],"400":[198],"sample":[199],"observations.":[200],"This":[201],"percentage":[202],"varies":[203],"number":[206],"system":[211],"an":[213],"interval":[214],"prices.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
