{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125229662","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxaf146","title":"Cross-language code clone detection via flow-enhanced graph attention network","display_name":"Cross-language code clone detection via flow-enhanced graph attention network","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125229662","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxaf146"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/comjnl/bxaf146","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxaf146","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S44643521","display_name":"The Computer Journal","issn_l":"0010-4620","issn":["0010-4620","1460-2067"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Computer Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123468595","display_name":"Mengyao Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74525822","display_name":"Hubei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02d3fj342","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengyao Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Hubei University of Technology , No. 28 Nanli Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430068 ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Hubei University of Technology , No. 28 Nanli Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430068 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123499987","display_name":"Jia Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74525822","display_name":"Hubei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02d3fj342","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jia Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Intelligent Computing Power Network, Hubei University of Technology , No. 28 Nanli Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430068 ,","School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Hubei University of Technology , No. 28 Nanli Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430068 ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Intelligent Computing Power Network, Hubei University of Technology , No. 28 Nanli Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430068 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Hubei University of Technology , No. 28 Nanli Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430068 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017185832","display_name":"Weiqi Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7323-4906"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74525822","display_name":"Hubei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02d3fj342","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiqi Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Hubei University of Technology , No. 28 Nanli Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430068 ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Hubei University of Technology , No. 28 Nanli Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430068 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5123499987"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"],"apc_list":{"value":2635,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":3232},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76127227,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"5","first_page":"800","last_page":"815"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9836999773979187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9836999773979187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.0031999999191612005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstract-syntax-tree","display_name":"Abstract syntax tree","score":0.5638999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.5076000094413757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntax","display_name":"Syntax","score":0.4810999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.47839999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-maintenance","display_name":"Software maintenance","score":0.4586000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstract-syntax","display_name":"Abstract syntax","score":0.4512999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maintainability","display_name":"Maintainability","score":0.42419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-flow-graph","display_name":"Control flow graph","score":0.3962000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-refactoring","display_name":"Code refactoring","score":0.3765000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58646249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127380","display_name":"Abstract syntax tree","level":3,"score":0.5638999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5321999788284302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5076000094413757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.4810999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.47839999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101317890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q940053","display_name":"Software maintenance","level":4,"score":0.4586000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114408938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333373","display_name":"Abstract syntax","level":3,"score":0.4512999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160713754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1389965","display_name":"Maintainability","level":2,"score":0.42419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.413100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27458966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187693","display_name":"Control flow graph","level":2,"score":0.3962000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152752567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116877","display_name":"Code refactoring","level":3,"score":0.3765000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.3698999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121050878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135020","display_name":"Cloning (programming)","level":2,"score":0.3456999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133162039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061077","display_name":"Code generation","level":3,"score":0.34439998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85407183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045785","display_name":"Semantic network","level":2,"score":0.33390000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3303999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.328900009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3197000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777561058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2652119","display_name":"Program comprehension","level":4,"score":0.31859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.3158000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.3116999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176225458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q595971","display_name":"Graph database","level":3,"score":0.30709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81089528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5134986","display_name":"clone (Java method)","level":3,"score":0.3070000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.3043999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16311509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4148050","display_name":"Dependency graph","level":3,"score":0.2957000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130318100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2268914","display_name":"Semantic similarity","level":2,"score":0.29350000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88468194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172416","display_name":"Data-flow analysis","level":3,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2678999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.26019999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90312973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449052","display_name":"Semantic data model","level":2,"score":0.2574999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91071405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1413145","display_name":"Program slicing","level":3,"score":0.2563000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137287247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1329550","display_name":"Static program analysis","level":4,"score":0.2531999945640564}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/comjnl/bxaf146","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxaf146","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S44643521","display_name":"The Computer Journal","issn_l":"0010-4620","issn":["0010-4620","1460-2067"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Computer Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6842253662","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62202146","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2043169794","https://openalex.org/W2065053490","https://openalex.org/W2138756793","https://openalex.org/W2606310092","https://openalex.org/W2756212243","https://openalex.org/W2945440850","https://openalex.org/W3098605233","https://openalex.org/W4386472818","https://openalex.org/W4391148896","https://openalex.org/W4408862245"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Code":[1],"clones":[2,71,100,164],"are":[3,56],"similar":[4,66],"code":[5,30,68,99,110,129,202],"fragments":[6],"at":[7,33,101],"the":[8,34,75,102,118,132,138,167,175,182],"syntactic":[9,50],"or":[10],"semantic":[11,36,103,144,160],"level,":[12],"commonly":[13],"seen":[14],"in":[15,64,186],"software":[16,54],"development.":[17],"Excessive":[18],"cloning":[19],"harms":[20],"maintainability":[21],"and":[22,46,121,162,177,191],"may":[23],"introduce":[24],"persistent":[25],"bugs.":[26],"We":[27],"analyze":[28],"cross-language":[29,67,98,156,201],"clone":[31,40,203],"detection":[32,41,79,204],"accurate":[35],"level.":[37,104],"Most":[38],"existing":[39,200],"approaches":[42],"target":[43],"single-language":[44],"environments":[45],"focus":[47],"mainly":[48],"on":[49,174],"similarity.":[51],"However,":[52],"complex":[53],"systems":[55],"often":[57],"developed":[58],"using":[59,112],"multiple":[60],"programming":[61],"languages,":[62],"resulting":[63],"semantically":[65],"clones.":[69],"These":[70],"pose":[72],"challenges":[73],"beyond":[74],"capabilities":[76],"of":[77,155,184,188],"current":[78],"tools.":[80,205],"In":[81],"this":[82,128],"paper,":[83],"we":[84,106,126,147,171],"propose":[85],"a":[86,108],"novel":[87],"flow-enhanced":[88,109,140,152],"graph":[89,111,130,153],"attention":[90],"network":[91],"approach,":[92],"called":[93],"FEGAT,":[94],"to":[95,136,150,180],"effectively":[96],"detect":[97,163],"First,":[105],"design":[107,148],"abstract":[113],"syntax":[114],"tree":[115],"along":[116],"with":[117,143],"added":[119],"control":[120],"data":[122],"flow":[123],"edges.":[124],"Then,":[125],"input":[127],"into":[131],"pre-trained":[133],"model":[134],"CodeBERT":[135],"learn":[137,151],"initial":[139],"node":[141],"representation":[142,154],"information.":[145],"Third,":[146],"FEGAT":[149,185,198],"codes":[157],"from":[158],"their":[159],"information":[161],"by":[165],"computing":[166],"similarity":[168],"score.":[169],"Finally,":[170],"conduct":[172],"experiments":[173],"AtCoder":[176],"CodeChef":[178],"datasets":[179],"evaluate":[181],"performance":[183],"terms":[187],"precision,":[189],"recall,":[190],"F1-score.":[192],"The":[193],"experimental":[194],"results":[195],"demonstrate":[196],"that":[197],"outperforms":[199]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-18T10:00:31.954636","created_date":"2026-01-22T00:00:00"}