{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7116675937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxaf142","title":"A bio-inspired and AI-driven approach to DDoS detection","display_name":"A bio-inspired and AI-driven approach to DDoS detection","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7116675937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxaf142"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/comjnl/bxaf142","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxaf142","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S44643521","display_name":"The Computer Journal","issn_l":"0010-4620","issn":["0010-4620","1460-2067"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Computer Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032547456","display_name":"Abinaya Devi Chandrasekar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3736-6386"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130939756","display_name":"Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aw48305","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130939756"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abinaya Devi Chandrasekar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College , Sivakasi, Virudhunagar 626005, Tamil Nadu ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3736-6386","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College , Sivakasi, Virudhunagar 626005, Tamil Nadu ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130939756"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058083890","display_name":"Parvathy Meenakshi Sundaram","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129773","display_name":"Institute of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/03ny67e60","country_code":"NP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155028946","https://openalex.org/I4210129773"]}],"countries":["NP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Parvathy Meenakshi Sundaram","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sethu Institute of Technology , Kariapatti, Virudhunagar 626115, Tamil Nadu ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1600-9136","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sethu Institute of Technology , Kariapatti, Virudhunagar 626115, Tamil Nadu ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129773"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037289517","display_name":"Manoj Kumar Prabakaran","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164862","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/05p590m36","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164862"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manoj Kumar Prabakaran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College , Sivakasi, Virudhunagar 626005, Tamil Nadu ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8814-0793","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College , Sivakasi, Virudhunagar 626005, Tamil Nadu ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164862"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032547456"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130939756"],"apc_list":{"value":2635,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":3232},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55288058,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"4","first_page":"736","last_page":"754"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.7695000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.7695000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12391","display_name":"Artificial Immune Systems Applications","score":0.016699999570846558,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.00989999994635582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.8564000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.5928999781608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.5514000058174133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.4715999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ipv6","display_name":"IPv6","score":0.45669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.413100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.3741999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-protocol","display_name":"Internet Protocol","score":0.364300012588501}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.8564000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.5928999781608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.5514000058174133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.4715999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84555802","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2551624","display_name":"IPv6","level":3,"score":0.45669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.453000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4187000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.413100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.3741999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35341882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8795","display_name":"Internet Protocol","level":3,"score":0.364300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.3610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.36059999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.35679998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.35530000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.35269999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.34439998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.31709998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3068000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22111027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070427","display_name":"Internet security","level":4,"score":0.2994999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.2872999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2809999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12269588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132364","display_name":"Communications protocol","level":2,"score":0.26330000162124634}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/comjnl/bxaf142","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxaf142","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S44643521","display_name":"The Computer Journal","issn_l":"0010-4620","issn":["0010-4620","1460-2067"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Computer Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6468177437782288,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2338598777","https://openalex.org/W2607023508","https://openalex.org/W2766139680","https://openalex.org/W2782255728","https://openalex.org/W2794216652","https://openalex.org/W2889301065","https://openalex.org/W4226210980","https://openalex.org/W4283023579","https://openalex.org/W4366149829","https://openalex.org/W4378232127","https://openalex.org/W4379744315","https://openalex.org/W4393906152","https://openalex.org/W4401489644","https://openalex.org/W4403905583"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"For":[1],"implementing":[2],"Internet":[3,14],"Protocol":[4,17],"version":[5,18],"6":[6,19],"(IPv6),":[7],"a":[8,98],"key":[9],"protocol":[10],"referred":[11],"to":[12,34,37,65],"as":[13],"Control":[15],"Message":[16],"(ICMPv6)":[20],"is":[21,54],"utilized":[22],"for":[23,83,110],"inherent":[24],"IPv6":[25],"services.":[26],"Hence,":[27],"proper":[28],"detection":[29,134],"and":[30,91,107,141,150],"mitigation":[31],"techniques":[32],"need":[33],"be":[35],"implemented":[36],"monitor":[38],"the":[39,48,55,116,125,128,132,144],"security":[40],"issues":[41],"associated":[42],"with":[43,138],"ICMPv6":[44,84],"messages.":[45],"One":[46],"of":[47,52,59,136,148],"most":[49],"targeted":[50],"forms":[51],"attacks":[53],"ICMPv6-based":[56],"Distributed":[57],"Denial":[58],"Service":[60],"(DDoS)":[61],"attacks.":[62],"In":[63],"order":[64],"attain":[66],"our":[67],"objective,":[68],"we":[69],"have":[70],"proposed":[71],"BioDQN,":[72],"an":[73,105,139],"advanced":[74],"artificial":[75],"intelligence-based":[76],"approach":[77,96],"that":[78,103,123],"incorporates":[79,104],"adaptive":[80],"feature":[81,100,113],"selection":[82,101],"DDoS":[85],"Detection":[86],"using":[87],"Reinforcement":[88],"Learning":[89],"(RL)":[90],"Genetic":[92],"Algorithm":[93],"(GA).":[94],"Our":[95],"comprises":[97],"bio-inspired":[99],"module":[102],"RL":[106],"GA":[108],"mechanism":[109],"optimally":[111],"selecting":[112],"subsets":[114],"from":[115],"input":[117],"dataset.":[118],"The":[119],"experimental":[120],"findings":[121],"suggested":[122],"among":[124],"various":[126],"classifiers,":[127],"transformer":[129],"model":[130],"exhibited":[131],"peak":[133],"accuracy":[135],"94.2%":[137],"F1":[140],"Area":[142],"Under":[143],"Curve":[145],"(AUC)":[146],"score":[147],"0.95":[149],"0.91,":[151],"respectively.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-23T06:36:01.041984","created_date":"2025-12-22T00:00:00"}
