{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408316564","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxaf021","title":"A new DDoS attack detection model based on improved stacked autoencoder and gated recurrent unit for software defined network","display_name":"A new DDoS attack detection model based on improved stacked autoencoder and gated recurrent unit for software defined network","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408316564","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxaf021"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/comjnl/bxaf021","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxaf021","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S44643521","display_name":"The Computer Journal","issn_l":"0010-4620","issn":["0010-4620","1460-2067"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Computer Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101496773","display_name":"Haizhen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5509-1355"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111971639","display_name":"Qiqihar University","ror":"https://ror.org/01khf5d59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111971639"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haizhen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, College of Computer and Control Engineering, Qiqihar University , No. 42 Wenhua Street, Jianhua District, Heilongjiang, Qiqihar 161006 ,","Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Big Data Network Security Detection and Analysis, Qiqihar University , No. 42 Wenhua Street, Jianhua District, Heilongjiang, Qiqihar 161006,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, College of Computer and Control Engineering, Qiqihar University , No. 42 Wenhua Street, Jianhua District, Heilongjiang, Qiqihar 161006 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111971639"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Big Data Network Security Detection and Analysis, Qiqihar University , No. 42 Wenhua Street, Jianhua District, Heilongjiang, Qiqihar 161006,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111971639"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Na Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8137-3637"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111971639","display_name":"Qiqihar University","ror":"https://ror.org/01khf5d59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111971639"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Na Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, College of Computer and Control Engineering, Qiqihar University , No. 42 Wenhua Street, Jianhua District, Heilongjiang, Qiqihar 161006 ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8137-3637","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, College of Computer and Control Engineering, Qiqihar University , No. 42 Wenhua Street, Jianhua District, Heilongjiang, Qiqihar 161006 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111971639"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yang He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6878-4736"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111971639","display_name":"Qiqihar University","ror":"https://ror.org/01khf5d59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111971639"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, College of Computer and Control Engineering, Qiqihar University , No. 42 Wenhua Street, Jianhua District, Heilongjiang, Qiqihar 161006 ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6878-4736","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, College of Computer and Control Engineering, Qiqihar University , No. 42 Wenhua Street, Jianhua District, Heilongjiang, Qiqihar 161006 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111971639"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001680255","display_name":"Zuozheng Lian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3861-0405"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111971639","display_name":"Qiqihar University","ror":"https://ror.org/01khf5d59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111971639"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zuozheng Lian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, College of Computer and Control Engineering, Qiqihar University , No. 42 Wenhua Street, Jianhua District, Heilongjiang, Qiqihar 161006 ,","Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Big Data Network Security Detection and Analysis, Qiqihar University , No. 42 Wenhua Street, Jianhua District, Heilongjiang, Qiqihar 161006,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3861-0405","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, College of Computer and Control Engineering, Qiqihar University , No. 42 Wenhua Street, Jianhua District, Heilongjiang, Qiqihar 161006 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111971639"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Big Data Network Security Detection and Analysis, Qiqihar University , No. 42 Wenhua Street, Jianhua District, Heilongjiang, Qiqihar 161006,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111971639"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101496773"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111971639"],"apc_list":{"value":2635,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":3232},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.6332,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95729043,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":"8","first_page":"1028","last_page":"1049"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.8434844017028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.7641411423683167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7482353448867798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5094404816627502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3584616184234619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3325309157371521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.19191116094589233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.16854611039161682}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.8434844017028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.7641411423683167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7482353448867798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5094404816627502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3584616184234619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3325309157371521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.19191116094589233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.16854611039161682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/comjnl/bxaf021","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxaf021","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S44643521","display_name":"The Computer Journal","issn_l":"0010-4620","issn":["0010-4620","1460-2067"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Computer Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2324336707","https://openalex.org/W2597472767","https://openalex.org/W2959627510","https://openalex.org/W2982682021","https://openalex.org/W2988973149","https://openalex.org/W3005097670","https://openalex.org/W3012454270","https://openalex.org/W3021409083","https://openalex.org/W3022650403","https://openalex.org/W3036012999","https://openalex.org/W3080616619","https://openalex.org/W3102091066","https://openalex.org/W3175448228","https://openalex.org/W3189410904","https://openalex.org/W4210445337","https://openalex.org/W4214893216","https://openalex.org/W4285294415","https://openalex.org/W4295117965","https://openalex.org/W4311054168","https://openalex.org/W4362632616","https://openalex.org/W4381053814","https://openalex.org/W4386413518","https://openalex.org/W4387013463","https://openalex.org/W4389246563","https://openalex.org/W4389914878","https://openalex.org/W4390798705","https://openalex.org/W4391168830","https://openalex.org/W4391530944","https://openalex.org/W4391850104","https://openalex.org/W6765385988","https://openalex.org/W6852953211","https://openalex.org/W6884980800","https://openalex.org/W6887774241"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3013693939","https://openalex.org/W2566616303","https://openalex.org/W2159052453","https://openalex.org/W3131327266","https://openalex.org/W2734887215","https://openalex.org/W2803255133","https://openalex.org/W4297051394","https://openalex.org/W2752972570","https://openalex.org/W4386815338","https://openalex.org/W4220775285"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"With":[1],"the":[2,28,71,75,96,122,139,186],"widespread":[3],"adoption":[4],"of":[5,13,30,121,125,147,167],"Software":[6],"Defined":[7],"Networking":[8],"(SDN),":[9],"detecting":[10],"Distributed":[11],"Denial":[12],"Service":[14],"(DDoS)":[15],"attacks":[16],"has":[17],"become":[18],"an":[19,162],"urgent":[20,187],"challenge":[21],"in":[22,116,129,157,189],"SDN":[23,158],"maintenance":[24],"and":[25,52,67,82,141,149,179],"Security.":[26],"Given":[27],"diversity":[29],"DDoS":[31,60,107,180],"attack":[32,61,108,181],"types,":[33],"we":[34],"face":[35],"significant":[36],"challenges.":[37],"This":[38,133,169],"paper":[39],"proposes":[40],"a":[41,56,117,172],"model":[42,76,134],"called":[43],"ARSAE-QGRU,":[44],"which":[45],"is":[46],"based":[47],"on":[48,138],"integrating":[49],"attention":[50,65],"mechanisms":[51,66],"residual":[53,68],"connections":[54,69],"within":[55,183],"stacked":[57,72],"autoencoder":[58,73],"for":[59,106,175],"detection.":[62],"By":[63],"introducing":[64],"into":[70],"(SAE),":[74],"effectively":[77],"conveys":[78],"more":[79,118],"valuable":[80],"information":[81],"facilitates":[83],"gradient":[84],"propagation,":[85],"allowing":[86],"it":[87,160],"to":[88,103,155],"learn":[89],"low-dimensional":[90,98],"representations":[91,99],"better.":[92],"It":[93],"also":[94],"combines":[95],"learned":[97],"with":[100],"traffic":[101,126],"features":[102],"generate":[104],"data":[105,177],"training.":[109],"Furthermore,":[110],"incorporating":[111],"Gated":[112],"Recurrent":[113],"Unit":[114],"aids":[115],"in-depth":[119],"understanding":[120],"temporal":[123],"characteristics":[124],"data,":[127],"resulting":[128],"improved":[130],"detection":[131,182],"accuracy.":[132],"demonstrates":[135],"outstanding":[136],"performance":[137],"CICDDoS2019":[140],"CICIDS2017":[142],"datasets,":[143],"achieving":[144],"accuracy":[145,165],"rates":[146],"97.2%":[148],"97.9%,":[150],"respectively.":[151],"Moreover,":[152],"when":[153],"applied":[154],"datasets":[156],"environments,":[159],"reaches":[161],"even":[163],"higher":[164],"rate":[166],"99.8%.":[168],"research":[170],"provides":[171],"reliable":[173],"solution":[174],"high-dimensional":[176],"processing":[178],"SDN,":[184],"addressing":[185],"challenges":[188],"these":[190],"domains.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-23T06:36:01.041984","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}