{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396625517","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxae039","title":"Anomaly Metrics on Class Variations For Face Anti-Spoofing","display_name":"Anomaly Metrics on Class Variations For Face Anti-Spoofing","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396625517","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxae039"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/comjnl/bxae039","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxae039","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S44643521","display_name":"The Computer Journal","issn_l":"0010-4620","issn":["0010-4620","1460-2067"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Computer Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100779807","display_name":"Weihua Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1967-6583"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3141906898","display_name":"Asia University","ror":"https://ror.org/01cyq8n55","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3141906898"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weihua Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Eurasia University , Xi\u2019an, 710000 ,","School of Information Engineering, Xi'an Eurasia University, Xi'an, 710000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Eurasia University , Xi\u2019an, 710000 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3141906898"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Xi'an Eurasia University, Xi'an, 710000, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066579639","display_name":"Bing Gong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3141906898","display_name":"Asia University","ror":"https://ror.org/01cyq8n55","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3141906898"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bing Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Eurasia University , Xi\u2019an, 710000 ,","School of Information Engineering, Xi'an Eurasia University, Xi'an, 710000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Eurasia University , Xi\u2019an, 710000 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3141906898"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Xi'an Eurasia University, Xi'an, 710000, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000263082","display_name":"Kai Che","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6583-5979"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11838497","display_name":"Aviation Industry Corporation of China (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/02wq41p38","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11838497"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Che","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center , Aviation Industry Corporation of China, Xi\u2019an, 710078 ,","Research Center, Aviation Industry Corporation of China, Xi'an, 710078, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center , Aviation Industry Corporation of China, Xi\u2019an, 710078 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11838497"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center, Aviation Industry Corporation of China, Xi'an, 710078, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11838497"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101684025","display_name":"Jieming Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3132-1718"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69356397","display_name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmrmn05","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jieming Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Advanced Technology , Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123 ,","School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Advanced Technology , Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044105477","display_name":"Yushan Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6877-3937"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69356397","display_name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmrmn05","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yushan Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Advanced Technology , Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123 ,","School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Advanced Technology , Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044105477"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"],"apc_list":{"value":2877,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":3794},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2037,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.42630476,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"67","issue":"9","first_page":"2725","last_page":"2738"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.983299970626831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","score":0.6370832920074463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6080211997032166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.6009739637374878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.5119872689247131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.38247430324554443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.36353302001953125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3549829125404358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.19601592421531677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10322576761245728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.0796179473400116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.06028756499290466}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12997251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567560","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6370832920074463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6080211997032166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6009739637374878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.5119872689247131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38247430324554443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36353302001953125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3549829125404358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.19601592421531677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10322576761245728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0796179473400116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.06028756499290466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/comjnl/bxae039","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxae039","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S44643521","display_name":"The Computer Journal","issn_l":"0010-4620","issn":["0010-4620","1460-2067"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Computer Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1248169874","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62372384","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2147800946","https://openalex.org/W2549139847","https://openalex.org/W2762607974","https://openalex.org/W2762867765","https://openalex.org/W2778540638","https://openalex.org/W2782801008","https://openalex.org/W2888286956","https://openalex.org/W2889058905","https://openalex.org/W2924780509","https://openalex.org/W2936384905","https://openalex.org/W2963656031","https://openalex.org/W2981159842","https://openalex.org/W3006377070","https://openalex.org/W3014899294","https://openalex.org/W3015313050","https://openalex.org/W3021389849","https://openalex.org/W3034594921","https://openalex.org/W3035318015","https://openalex.org/W3045675435","https://openalex.org/W3046357449","https://openalex.org/W4309951129","https://openalex.org/W4312460657","https://openalex.org/W6740656268","https://openalex.org/W6741055711","https://openalex.org/W6757676388","https://openalex.org/W6761002356","https://openalex.org/W6761308216","https://openalex.org/W6761590011","https://openalex.org/W6761676296","https://openalex.org/W6765409617","https://openalex.org/W6767405872","https://openalex.org/W6767534015","https://openalex.org/W6774710970","https://openalex.org/W6777462835","https://openalex.org/W6777494378","https://openalex.org/W6787884715","https://openalex.org/W6857659990"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2188559950","https://openalex.org/W2989910292","https://openalex.org/W2998478967","https://openalex.org/W3128793638","https://openalex.org/W2607818178","https://openalex.org/W2123299109","https://openalex.org/W2021230337","https://openalex.org/W3153057489","https://openalex.org/W2895823926","https://openalex.org/W2972676112"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"In":[1],"face":[2],"anti-spoofing":[3],"tasks,":[4],"distinguishing":[5],"between":[6],"live":[7],"and":[8,23,50,59,89,120],"spoof":[9,25],"faces":[10],"across":[11],"different":[12],"data":[13],"domains":[14],"presents":[15],"challenges":[16],"due":[17],"to":[18,73,82],"inter-class":[19],"similarities,":[20],"intra-class":[21],"variations":[22],"unknown":[24,79],"patterns.":[26],"This":[27],"hampers":[28],"generalization":[29],"in":[30,100,103],"real-world":[31],"applications.":[32],"To":[33],"address":[34],"this,":[35],"we":[36,54],"propose":[37],"a":[38],"novel":[39],"convolutional":[40],"neural":[41],"network":[42,88],"framework":[43,113],"that":[44,110],"utilizes":[45],"spatial-frequency":[46],"cues":[47,95],"for":[48],"2D":[49],"3D":[51],"attacks.":[52,80],"Furthermore,":[53],"introduce":[55],"compact":[56],"anomaly":[57,62,70],"metrics":[58],"design":[60],"three":[61],"metrics-based":[63],"supervisions":[64],"from":[65],"the":[66,75,93],"perspective":[67],"of":[68],"Reed-Xiaoli":[69],"detection,":[71],"aiming":[72],"tackle":[74],"challenge":[76],"posed":[77],"by":[78],"Thanks":[81],"our":[83,104,111],"proposed":[84,112],"spatial":[85],"frequency":[86],"factorization":[87],"its":[90],"frequency-related":[91],"supervisions,":[92],"spoofing":[94],"are":[96],"significantly":[97],"enhanced,":[98],"resulting":[99],"remarkable":[101],"improvements":[102],"experimental":[105],"results.":[106],"These":[107],"outcomes":[108],"demonstrate":[109],"achieves":[114],"state-of-the-art":[115],"performance":[116],"on":[117],"both":[118],"monocular":[119],"multi-spectral":[121],"benchmark":[122],"datasets.":[123]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
