{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3201464741","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxab117","title":"Long Multi-digit Number Recognition from Images Empowered by Deep Convolutional Neural Networks","display_name":"Long Multi-digit Number Recognition from Images Empowered by Deep Convolutional Neural Networks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3201464741","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxab117","mag":"3201464741"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/comjnl/bxab117","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxab117","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S44643521","display_name":"The Computer Journal","issn_l":"0010-4620","issn":["0010-4620","1460-2067"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Computer Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025939789","display_name":"Muhammad Asif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6811-0044"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105419","display_name":"Lahore Garrison University","ror":"https://ror.org/01j4ba358","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105419"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Asif","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105419"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077694562","display_name":"Maaz Bin Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9269-3374"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103583917","display_name":"Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02sdmkj94","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103583917"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maaz Bin Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing and Information Sciences, PAF KIET, Karachi, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Information Sciences, PAF KIET, Karachi, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103583917"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018677783","display_name":"Shiza Mushtaq","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105419","display_name":"Lahore Garrison University","ror":"https://ror.org/01j4ba358","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105419"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiza Mushtaq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105419"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113681241","display_name":"Khalid Masood","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105419","display_name":"Lahore Garrison University","ror":"https://ror.org/01j4ba358","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105419"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khalid Masood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105419"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025537111","display_name":"Toqeer Mahmood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3125-2430"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I505182","display_name":"National Textile University","ror":"https://ror.org/030dak672","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I505182"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Toqeer Mahmood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, National Textile University, Faisalabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, National Textile University, Faisalabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I505182"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054952302","display_name":"Arfan Ali Nagra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2149-8165"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105419","display_name":"Lahore Garrison University","ror":"https://ror.org/01j4ba358","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105419"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arfan Ali Nagra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105419"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025939789"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105419"],"apc_list":{"value":2635,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":3232},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8844,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87919441,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12549","display_name":"Image and Object Detection Techniques","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8336204290390015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7228488922119141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/numerical-digit","display_name":"Numerical digit","score":0.7139827013015747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6954947710037231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digit-recognition","display_name":"Digit recognition","score":0.6383461952209473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.6236155033111572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.619337260723114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6038045287132263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.49071204662323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4469112157821655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4220309555530548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.10032239556312561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.0594620406627655}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8336204290390015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7228488922119141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94957134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82990","display_name":"Numerical digit","level":2,"score":0.7139827013015747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6954947710037231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984784707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Digit recognition","level":3,"score":0.6383461952209473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6236155033111572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.619337260723114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6038045287132263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.49071204662323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4469112157821655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4220309555530548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.10032239556312561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0594620406627655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/comjnl/bxab117","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxab117","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S44643521","display_name":"The Computer Journal","issn_l":"0010-4620","issn":["0010-4620","1460-2067"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Computer Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1572063013","https://openalex.org/W1827297289","https://openalex.org/W1992379919","https://openalex.org/W2045721916","https://openalex.org/W2058333183","https://openalex.org/W2091432990","https://openalex.org/W2158759314","https://openalex.org/W2183354483","https://openalex.org/W2510301289","https://openalex.org/W2533214323","https://openalex.org/W2563786098","https://openalex.org/W2574952845","https://openalex.org/W2594481151","https://openalex.org/W2601707599","https://openalex.org/W2746411854","https://openalex.org/W2747705082","https://openalex.org/W2767231662","https://openalex.org/W2773616461","https://openalex.org/W2792398095","https://openalex.org/W2914606507","https://openalex.org/W2943225275","https://openalex.org/W2953894958","https://openalex.org/W2963353821","https://openalex.org/W2968226676","https://openalex.org/W2991626090","https://openalex.org/W2998621280","https://openalex.org/W3035682985","https://openalex.org/W3043636152","https://openalex.org/W3089290459","https://openalex.org/W3096337637","https://openalex.org/W3100498948","https://openalex.org/W6638685980","https://openalex.org/W6640834750","https://openalex.org/W6648431168","https://openalex.org/W6677681515","https://openalex.org/W6678709094","https://openalex.org/W6680715401","https://openalex.org/W6680792889","https://openalex.org/W6682889407","https://openalex.org/W6684753728","https://openalex.org/W6696761078","https://openalex.org/W6703116779","https://openalex.org/W6729344799","https://openalex.org/W6751631626","https://openalex.org/W6760385162","https://openalex.org/W6762048601","https://openalex.org/W6766561445","https://openalex.org/W6767837488","https://openalex.org/W6769738998","https://openalex.org/W6784121207"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3193565141","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2911525106","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3103566983","https://openalex.org/W3029198973","https://openalex.org/W2736239746","https://openalex.org/W2169083538"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Scanning":[1,16],"images":[2,44],"and":[3,21,31,66,157,166,203,209,218],"converting":[4],"the":[5,27,32,42,55,93,109,112,125,159,164,187,192],"scanned":[6,43],"information":[7],"into":[8],"digital":[9],"format":[10],"is":[11,17,36,45,108,122,140,198,204,224],"an":[12,18],"active":[13],"research":[14],"area.":[15],"automated,":[19],"fast":[20],"efficient":[22],"process":[23],"as":[24],"compared":[25,199],"to":[26,87,133,179,206,222],"traditional":[28],"data":[29,35],"entry,":[30],"resultant":[33],"converted":[34],"more":[37,104],"accurate.":[38],"Recognizing":[39],"digits":[40,107,135],"from":[41],"a":[46,74,96,117,143],"challenging":[47],"task.":[48],"To":[49,90],"address":[50],"this":[51,115],"issue,":[52],"most":[53],"of":[54,85,102,111,161,177,186],"existing":[56,193],"techniques":[57,190,202],"perform":[58],"multiple":[59],"individual":[60],"steps":[61,81],"that":[62,77,128,149,182],"are":[63,213],"localization,":[64],"segmentation":[65],"recognition.":[67,171],"Some":[68],"researchers":[69],"also":[70],"focused":[71],"on":[72,142,215],"adopting":[73],"unified":[75,97,118],"approach":[76,121],"combined":[78],"these":[79],"three":[80],"for":[82],"multi-digit":[83,98,119,170],"recognition":[84,99,120,189],"up":[86,132,178,221],"five":[88,106],"digits.":[89],"cope":[91],"with":[92,200],"modern":[94],"requirements,":[95],"technique":[100,139,197],"capable":[101],"recognizing":[103],"than":[105],"need":[110],"hour.":[113],"Considering":[114],"necessity,":[116],"presented":[123],"in":[124,163],"current":[126],"study":[127],"can":[129],"recognize":[130],"sequences":[131,176],"18":[134,180],"long.":[136],"The":[137,172,195,211],"proposed":[138,173,196],"based":[141],"deep":[144],"convolutional":[145],"neural":[146],"network":[147],"algorithm":[148,174],"performs":[150,169],"two":[151,216],"basic":[152],"functions.":[153],"First,":[154],"it":[155,168,184],"localizes":[156],"extracts":[158],"region":[160],"interest":[162],"image,":[165],"then":[167],"recognizes":[175],"characters":[181],"makes":[183],"one":[185],"preferred":[188],"among":[191],"algorithms.":[194],"state-of-the-art":[201],"proved":[205],"be":[207],"superior":[208],"robust.":[210],"experiments":[212],"performed":[214],"datasets,":[217],"overall":[219],"accuracy":[220],"98%":[223],"achieved.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}