{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3110835473","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxaa140","title":"A New Intrusion Detection System Using the Improved Dendritic Cell Algorithm","display_name":"A New Intrusion Detection System Using the Improved Dendritic Cell Algorithm","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3110835473","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxaa140","mag":"3110835473"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/comjnl/bxaa140","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxaa140","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S44643521","display_name":"The Computer Journal","issn_l":"0010-4620","issn":["0010-4620","1460-2067"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Computer Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082461199","display_name":"Ehsan Farzadnia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4055-4716"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78323350","display_name":"Malek Ashtar University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0043ezw98","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78323350"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ehsan Farzadnia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran 15875-1774, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran 15875-1774, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78323350"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066361870","display_name":"Hossein Shirazi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3326-8527"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78323350","display_name":"Malek Ashtar University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0043ezw98","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78323350"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hossein Shirazi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran 15875-1774, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran 15875-1774, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78323350"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025284348","display_name":"Alireza Nowroozi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7214-9280"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131139297","display_name":"Iran Broadcasting University","ror":"https://ror.org/02p5wzp69","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131139297"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alireza Nowroozi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Media Engineering Department, IRIB University, Tehran 1995614317, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Media Engineering Department, IRIB University, Tehran 1995614317, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131139297"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082461199"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78323350"],"apc_list":{"value":2635,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":3232},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6969,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67269396,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"64","issue":"8","first_page":"1193","last_page":"1214"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12391","display_name":"Artificial Immune Systems Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12391","display_name":"Artificial Immune Systems Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10580","display_name":"Immunotherapy and Immune Responses","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12576","display_name":"vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.778042197227478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.7498914003372192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-immune-system","display_name":"Artificial immune system","score":0.475781112909317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.4744970500469208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schema","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","score":0.4592549204826355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.44482147693634033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4155203700065613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4057961702346802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.36465340852737427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3435933589935303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3347013592720032}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.778042197227478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.7498914003372192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93768804","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2518735","display_name":"Artificial immune system","level":2,"score":0.475781112909317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4744970500469208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52146309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431116","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","level":2,"score":0.4592549204826355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.44482147693634033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4155203700065613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4057961702346802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.36465340852737427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3435933589935303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3347013592720032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/comjnl/bxaa140","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxaa140","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S44643521","display_name":"The Computer Journal","issn_l":"0010-4620","issn":["0010-4620","1460-2067"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Computer Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.4099999964237213,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W427224453","https://openalex.org/W1767780060","https://openalex.org/W1958350149","https://openalex.org/W1968836297","https://openalex.org/W2043314203","https://openalex.org/W2056811412","https://openalex.org/W2086540457","https://openalex.org/W2106886616","https://openalex.org/W2119430977","https://openalex.org/W2279039799","https://openalex.org/W2570296101","https://openalex.org/W2574198446","https://openalex.org/W2606340069","https://openalex.org/W2606926586","https://openalex.org/W2622634640","https://openalex.org/W2729840144","https://openalex.org/W2753434909","https://openalex.org/W2778151824","https://openalex.org/W2803263920","https://openalex.org/W2804318406","https://openalex.org/W2851340912","https://openalex.org/W2887733428","https://openalex.org/W2887890150","https://openalex.org/W2890970224","https://openalex.org/W2903590249","https://openalex.org/W2915062141","https://openalex.org/W2944268036","https://openalex.org/W2954482895","https://openalex.org/W2956233373","https://openalex.org/W2964023131","https://openalex.org/W2970034827","https://openalex.org/W4210255484","https://openalex.org/W4241649804","https://openalex.org/W6732050360"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987409039","https://openalex.org/W2274379716","https://openalex.org/W2381869356","https://openalex.org/W2562838041","https://openalex.org/W2619636815","https://openalex.org/W2384108410","https://openalex.org/W2383254572","https://openalex.org/W1006157206","https://openalex.org/W2362522936","https://openalex.org/W2380706723"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,135],"dendritic":[2,25,133],"cell":[3],"algorithm":[4],"(DCA)":[5],"as":[6,24,53,225],"one":[7],"of":[8,18,48,113,132,147,187,197],"the":[9,16,19,78,82,89,145,160,185,188,206,222,226],"emerging":[10],"evolutionary":[11],"algorithms":[12,232],"is":[13,177,201],"based":[14,127],"on":[15,77,81,128,139],"behavior":[17],"specific":[20],"immune":[21],"agents,":[22],"known":[23],"cells":[26],"(DCs).":[27],"DCA":[28,90],"has":[29,74],"several":[30,96],"potentially":[31],"beneficial":[32],"features":[33],"for":[34,155,168,203],"binary":[35],"classification":[36],"problems.":[37],"In":[38],"this":[39,49],"paper,":[40],"we":[41,118],"aim":[42],"at":[43,98],"providing":[44],"a":[45,54,60,121,151,164,212],"new":[46,213],"version":[47,228],"immune-inspired":[50,166],"mechanism":[51,137],"acts":[52,126],"semi-supervised":[55],"classifier,":[56],"which":[57],"can":[58],"be":[59,108],"defensive":[61],"shield":[62],"in":[63,95,115,211],"network":[64],"intrusion":[65,198],"detection":[66,83,199],"problem.":[67],"Till":[68],"now,":[69],"no":[70],"strategy":[71,123],"or":[72],"idea":[73,167],"been":[75,209],"adopted":[76],"$Get_{Antigen()}$":[79],"function":[80],"phase,":[84],"but":[85],"random":[86],"sampling":[87],"entails":[88],"to":[91,103,143,149,162],"provide":[92,163],"undesirable":[93],"results":[94],"cycles":[97],"each":[99],"time.":[100],"This":[101],"leads":[102],"uncertainty.":[104],"Whereas":[105],"it":[106],"must":[107],"accomplished":[109],"by":[110,181,236],"biological":[111],"behaviors":[112],"DCs":[114],"peripheral":[116],"tissues,":[117],"have":[119,150,208],"proposed":[120,136],"novel":[122,165],"that":[124,183,221],"exactly":[125],"its":[129,241],"immunological":[130],"functionalities":[131],"cells.":[134],"focuses":[138],"two":[140],"items:":[141],"first,":[142],"obviate":[144],"challenge":[146],"needing":[148],"preordered":[152],"antigen":[153],"set":[154],"computing":[156],"danger":[157],"signal,":[158],"and":[159,239],"second,":[161],"nonrandom":[169],"data":[170],"sampling.":[171],"A":[172,192],"variable":[173],"functional":[174],"migration":[175,189],"threshold":[176,190],"also":[178],"computed":[179],"cycle":[180,182],"shows":[184],"necessity":[186],"flexibility.":[191],"significant":[193],"criterion":[194],"so-called":[195],"capability":[196],"(CID)":[200],"used":[202],"tests.":[204],"All":[205],"tests":[207],"performed":[210],"benchmark":[214],"dataset":[215],"named":[216],"UNSW-NB15.":[217],"Experimental":[218],"consequences":[219],"demonstrate":[220],"present":[223],"schema":[224],"best":[227],"among":[229],"improved":[230],"DC":[231],"achieves":[233],"76.69%":[234],"CID":[235],"90%":[237],"accuracy":[238],"outperforms":[240],"counterpart":[242],"methods.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-05T09:01:59.212387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}