{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3035765916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxaa042","title":"Deep Extreme Learning Machine-Based Optical Character Recognition System for Nastalique Urdu-Like Script Languages","display_name":"Deep Extreme Learning Machine-Based Optical Character Recognition System for Nastalique Urdu-Like Script Languages","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-03-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3035765916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxaa042","mag":"3035765916"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/comjnl/bxaa042","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxaa042","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S44643521","display_name":"The Computer Journal","issn_l":"0010-4620","issn":["0010-4620","1460-2067"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Computer Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046527246","display_name":"Syed Saqib Raza Rizvi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2050-5351"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142204992","display_name":"University of Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/051jrjw38","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142204992"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43729321","display_name":"National College of Business Administration and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/02my4wj17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43729321"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Syed Saqib Raza Rizvi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science & IT, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan","School of Computer Sciences, National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science & IT, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142204992"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Sciences, National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43729321"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009282836","display_name":"Muhammad Adnan Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4854-9935"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105419","display_name":"Lahore Garrison University","ror":"https://ror.org/01j4ba358","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105419"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43729321","display_name":"National College of Business Administration and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/02my4wj17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43729321"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Adnan Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan","School of Computer Sciences, National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105419"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Sciences, National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43729321"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021305119","display_name":"Sagheer Abbas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5289-7831"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43729321","display_name":"National College of Business Administration and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/02my4wj17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43729321"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sagheer Abbas","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Sciences, National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Sciences, National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43729321"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101735265","display_name":"Muhammad Asad Ullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3594-8910"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142204992","display_name":"University of Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/051jrjw38","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142204992"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43729321","display_name":"National College of Business Administration and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/02my4wj17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43729321"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Asadullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science & IT, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan","School of Computer Sciences, National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science & IT, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142204992"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Sciences, National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43729321"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075500545","display_name":"Nida Anwer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79571142","display_name":"Virtual University of Pakistan","ror":"https://ror.org/00ya1zd25","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79571142"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nida Anwer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virtual University, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virtual University, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79571142"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016051364","display_name":"Areej Fatima","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7264-7941"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105419","display_name":"Lahore Garrison University","ror":"https://ror.org/01j4ba358","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105419"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43729321","display_name":"National College of Business Administration and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/02my4wj17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43729321"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Areej Fatima","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan","School of Computer Sciences, National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105419"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Sciences, National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43729321"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046527246"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142204992","https://openalex.org/I43729321"],"apc_list":{"value":2635,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":3232},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0401,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89519208,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"65","issue":"2","first_page":"331","last_page":"344"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9811999797821045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.9710000157356262,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8575869798660278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urdu","display_name":"Urdu","score":0.8518539667129517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unicode","display_name":"Unicode","score":0.7907372713088989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-character-recognition","display_name":"Optical character recognition","score":0.7718361020088196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7628333568572998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scripting-language","display_name":"Scripting language","score":0.6410881876945496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6038654446601868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-error-rate","display_name":"Word error rate","score":0.5500933527946472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ascii","display_name":"ASCII","score":0.5472528338432312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.5452365279197693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extreme-learning-machine","display_name":"Extreme learning machine","score":0.495748370885849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4686258137226105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4387896656990051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character-encoding","display_name":"Character encoding","score":0.4357399642467499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.2131238579750061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.12428274750709534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.10691201686859131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.07112407684326172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.06769874691963196}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8575869798660278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777350258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1617","display_name":"Urdu","level":2,"score":0.8518539667129517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C500551929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8819","display_name":"Unicode","level":2,"score":0.7907372713088989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546480517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Optical character recognition","level":3,"score":0.7718361020088196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7628333568572998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61423126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187432","display_name":"Scripting language","level":2,"score":0.6410881876945496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6038654446601868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.5500933527946472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196832560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8815","display_name":"ASCII","level":2,"score":0.5472528338432312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5452365279197693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780150128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21948731","display_name":"Extreme learning machine","level":3,"score":0.495748370885849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4686258137226105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4387896656990051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32717103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184759","display_name":"Character encoding","level":3,"score":0.4357399642467499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2131238579750061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.12428274750709534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.10691201686859131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.07112407684326172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.06769874691963196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/comjnl/bxaa042","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxaa042","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S44643521","display_name":"The Computer Journal","issn_l":"0010-4620","issn":["0010-4620","1460-2067"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Computer Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.800000011920929}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1525510058","https://openalex.org/W1574066498","https://openalex.org/W1901616594","https://openalex.org/W2025241138","https://openalex.org/W2044074081","https://openalex.org/W2076063813","https://openalex.org/W2111072639","https://openalex.org/W2141642674","https://openalex.org/W2176950688","https://openalex.org/W2286984192","https://openalex.org/W2287185936","https://openalex.org/W2298645392","https://openalex.org/W2337070345","https://openalex.org/W2513853748","https://openalex.org/W2576683119","https://openalex.org/W2604447241","https://openalex.org/W2736310795","https://openalex.org/W2742763523","https://openalex.org/W2775043420","https://openalex.org/W2789848601","https://openalex.org/W2794284562","https://openalex.org/W2885942967","https://openalex.org/W2893898383","https://openalex.org/W2907678728","https://openalex.org/W2912710844","https://openalex.org/W6631313957","https://openalex.org/W6634228943","https://openalex.org/W6639877815","https://openalex.org/W6676351913","https://openalex.org/W6703076633","https://openalex.org/W6732631978","https://openalex.org/W6742447420","https://openalex.org/W6747051508","https://openalex.org/W6750378353","https://openalex.org/W6754645941","https://openalex.org/W6757736976"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3214708461","https://openalex.org/W2415401904","https://openalex.org/W172151579","https://openalex.org/W3125384896","https://openalex.org/W2227498953","https://openalex.org/W4386331007","https://openalex.org/W4210506626","https://openalex.org/W2950192240","https://openalex.org/W3125143615","https://openalex.org/W1524330646"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Optical":[1],"character":[2,77,88,94],"recognition":[3,78,89,95,151],"systems":[4,193],"convert":[5],"printed":[6,40],"or":[7,16],"handwritten":[8,42,175],"scripts":[9],"into":[10,53],"digital":[11],"text":[12,43,170,176],"formats":[13,55],"like":[14,21],"ASCII":[15],"UNICODE.":[17],"Urdu-like":[18,85,159,189],"script":[19,86,160,190],"languages":[20,29,46],"Urdu,":[22],"Punjabi":[23],"and":[24,41,109,126,171],"Sindhi":[25],"are":[26],"widely":[27],"spoken":[28],"of":[30,39,44,106,186],"the":[31,99,104,144,149,184,195],"world,":[32],"especially":[33],"in":[34,183,194],"Asia.":[35],"An":[36],"enormous":[37],"amount":[38],"such":[45],"exist,":[47],"which":[48],"needs":[49],"to":[50,83,155],"be":[51],"converted":[52],"computer-understandable":[54],"for":[56,168,174],"knowledge":[57],"extraction.":[58],"In":[59],"this":[60],"study,":[61],"extreme":[62,72],"learning":[63,73],"machine\u2019s":[64],"(ELM\u2019s)":[65],"most":[66],"recently":[67],"proposed":[68,82,92,114,145,158],"variant":[69],"called":[70],"deep":[71],"machine":[74],"(DELM)-based":[75],"optical":[76],"(OCR)":[79],"system":[80,115,146],"is":[81,97,166],"enhance":[84],"language\u2019s":[87],"rate.":[90],"The":[91,113,140],"DELM-based":[93],"model":[96],"optimizing":[98],"OCR":[100,162],"process":[101],"by":[102],"reducing":[103],"overhead":[105],"Pre-processing,":[107],"Segmentation":[108],"Feature":[110],"Extraction":[111],"Layer.":[112],"evaluations":[116],"accomplished":[117],"98.75%":[118],"training":[119],"accuracy":[120,129],"with":[121,130,135],"1.492":[122],"\u00d7":[123,132],"10\u22123":[124,133],"RMSE":[125],"98.12%":[127],"testing":[128],"1.587":[131],"RMSE,":[134],"six":[136],"DELM":[137],"hidden":[138],"layers.":[139],"results":[141],"show":[142],"that":[143],"has":[147],"attained":[148],"foremost":[150],"rate":[152],"as":[153,177],"compared":[154],"any":[156],"previously":[157],"language":[161],"system.":[163],"This":[164,179],"technique":[165],"applicable":[167],"machine-printed":[169],"fractionally":[172],"useful":[173],"well.":[178],"study":[180],"will":[181],"aid":[182],"advancement":[185],"more":[187],"accurate":[188],"OCR\u2019s":[191],"software":[192],"future.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}