{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2949176808","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bty449","title":"Transfer learning for biomedical named entity recognition with neural networks","display_name":"Transfer learning for biomedical named entity recognition with neural networks","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-05-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2949176808","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bty449","mag":"2949176808","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29868832"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bty449","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bty449","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article-pdf/34/23/4087/26676581/bty449.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S52395412","display_name":"Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1367-4803","issn":["1367-4803","1367-4811"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article-pdf/34/23/4087/26676581/bty449.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071356121","display_name":"John Giorgi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9621-5046"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John M Giorgi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010789029","display_name":"Gary D. Bader","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0185-8861"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gary D Bader","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071356121"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"apc_list":{"value":3618,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3618},"apc_paid":{"value":3618,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3618},"fwci":11.3199,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":193,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99114632,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"23","first_page":"4087","last_page":"4094"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7706353664398193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/named-entity-recognition","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","score":0.7393448352813721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.7314743995666504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6648025512695312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.6124835014343262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6077709197998047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditional-random-field","display_name":"Conditional random field","score":0.557908833026886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5554481744766235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5331912040710449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4934059679508209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4794865548610687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4641391634941101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.45246362686157227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4323711693286896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4274601936340332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4223783016204834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08546394109725952}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7706353664398193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779135771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q403574","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","level":3,"score":0.7393448352813721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.7314743995666504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6648025512695312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.6124835014343262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6077709197998047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152565575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124538","display_name":"Conditional random field","level":2,"score":0.557908833026886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5554481744766235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5331912040710449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4934059679508209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4794865548610687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4641391634941101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.45246362686157227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4323711693286896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4274601936340332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4223783016204834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08546394109725952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016247","descriptor_name":"Information Storage and Retrieval","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016247","descriptor_name":"Information Storage and Retrieval","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016247","descriptor_name":"Information Storage and Retrieval","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bty449","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bty449","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article-pdf/34/23/4087/26676581/bty449.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S52395412","display_name":"Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1367-4803","issn":["1367-4803","1367-4811"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:29868832","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29868832","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5222100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC6247938","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6247938","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6247938","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Bioinformatics","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bty449","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bty449","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article-pdf/34/23/4087/26676581/bty449.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S52395412","display_name":"Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1367-4803","issn":["1367-4803","1367-4811"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6227541006","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"#5U41 HG006623-02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309480","display_name":"Nvidia","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2949176808.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2949176808.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":88,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1528012351","https://openalex.org/W1532940542","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1850865022","https://openalex.org/W1899794420","https://openalex.org/W1941318214","https://openalex.org/W1975212224","https://openalex.org/W1981276685","https://openalex.org/W2019772739","https://openalex.org/W2041073071","https://openalex.org/W2056616115","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2071879021","https://openalex.org/W2079735306","https://openalex.org/W2080848531","https://openalex.org/W2094591616","https://openalex.org/W2097678794","https://openalex.org/W2100627415","https://openalex.org/W2107878631","https://openalex.org/W2109555487","https://openalex.org/W2124767801","https://openalex.org/W2143521828","https://openalex.org/W2147880316","https://openalex.org/W2149369282","https://openalex.org/W2151025545","https://openalex.org/W2154142897","https://openalex.org/W2158899491","https://openalex.org/W2159845109","https://openalex.org/W2161381512","https://openalex.org/W2162442688","https://openalex.org/W2165698076","https://openalex.org/W2169099542","https://openalex.org/W2169885754","https://openalex.org/W2169974160","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2250904038","https://openalex.org/W2295692079","https://openalex.org/W2296283641","https://openalex.org/W2310102669","https://openalex.org/W2346452181","https://openalex.org/W2395579298","https://openalex.org/W2527896214","https://openalex.org/W2595551253","https://openalex.org/W2604272474","https://openalex.org/W2615487675","https://openalex.org/W2734608416","https://openalex.org/W2738180183","https://openalex.org/W2743028754","https://openalex.org/W2769093805","https://openalex.org/W2914746235","https://openalex.org/W2949563612","https://openalex.org/W2949667497","https://openalex.org/W2952186574","https://openalex.org/W2952230511","https://openalex.org/W2963522845","https://openalex.org/W2963738950","https://openalex.org/W2963956191","https://openalex.org/W2964352358","https://openalex.org/W3104240813","https://openalex.org/W3209042722","https://openalex.org/W4233456913","https://openalex.org/W4236095894","https://openalex.org/W4239943352","https://openalex.org/W4248229346","https://openalex.org/W4254522893","https://openalex.org/W4299518610","https://openalex.org/W4399587952","https://openalex.org/W6636406500","https://openalex.org/W6639204139","https://openalex.org/W6639820532","https://openalex.org/W6660779553","https://openalex.org/W6679564466","https://openalex.org/W6681002371","https://openalex.org/W6682082992","https://openalex.org/W6682132143","https://openalex.org/W6682691769","https://openalex.org/W6683523334","https://openalex.org/W6683738474","https://openalex.org/W6684844287","https://openalex.org/W6691577889","https://openalex.org/W6695019193","https://openalex.org/W6697155078","https://openalex.org/W6698787104","https://openalex.org/W6712678549","https://openalex.org/W6728098186","https://openalex.org/W6738256779","https://openalex.org/W6741655716","https://openalex.org/W6786155630"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4250494529","https://openalex.org/W1964783010","https://openalex.org/W2399696375","https://openalex.org/W45206245","https://openalex.org/W2211396092","https://openalex.org/W2061834489","https://openalex.org/W3088215229","https://openalex.org/W2078793151","https://openalex.org/W3047727388","https://openalex.org/W2759598007"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Supplementary":[0],"data":[1],"are":[2],"available":[3],"at":[4],"Bioinformatics":[5],"online.":[6]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":60},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-21T08:13:44.787528","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
