{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2146864948","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu061","title":"Event trigger identification for biomedical events extraction using domain knowledge","display_name":"Event trigger identification for biomedical events extraction using domain knowledge","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2146864948","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu061","mag":"2146864948","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24489368"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btu061","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu061","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article-pdf/30/11/1587/48927975/bioinformatics_30_11_1587.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S52395412","display_name":"Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1367-4803","issn":["1367-4803","1367-4811"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article-pdf/30/11/1587/48927975/bioinformatics_30_11_1587.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007145568","display_name":"Deyu Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7702-9387"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169199633","display_name":"Aston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05j0ve876","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169199633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN","GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Deyu Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["1 School of Computer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Computer Network and Information Integration, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China, and 2School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1 School of Computer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Computer Network and Information Integration, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China, and 2School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169199633","https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051893501","display_name":"Dayou Zhong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169199633","display_name":"Aston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05j0ve876","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169199633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dayou Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["1 School of Computer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Computer Network and Information Integration, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China, and 2School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1 School of Computer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Computer Network and Information Integration, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China, and 2School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169199633","https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015709853","display_name":"Yulan He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3948-5845"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169199633","display_name":"Aston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05j0ve876","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169199633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yulan He","raw_affiliation_strings":["1 School of Computer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Computer Network and Information Integration, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China, and 2School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1 School of Computer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Computer Network and Information Integration, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China, and 2School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169199633","https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007145568"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169199633","https://openalex.org/I76569877"],"apc_list":{"value":3618,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3618},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8452,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":72,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91368566,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"11","first_page":"1587","last_page":"1594"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9763000011444092,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9763000011444092,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.004600000102072954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.003800000064074993,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8083321452140808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6933056712150574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6932690143585205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","score":0.6002691388130188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.572237491607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5541799664497375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.5226061940193176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomedical-text-mining","display_name":"Biomedical text mining","score":0.481319785118103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.4810224175453186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.443952351808548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.42088454961776733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-mining","display_name":"Text mining","score":0.09611430764198303}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8083321452140808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6933056712150574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6932690143585205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.6002691388130188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.572237491607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5541799664497375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.5226061940193176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165141518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4915126","display_name":"Biomedical text mining","level":3,"score":0.481319785118103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4810224175453186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.443952351808548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.42088454961776733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71472368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q676880","display_name":"Text mining","level":2,"score":0.09611430764198303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016239","descriptor_name":"MEDLINE","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016239","descriptor_name":"MEDLINE","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016239","descriptor_name":"MEDLINE","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057225","descriptor_name":"Data Mining","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057225","descriptor_name":"Data Mining","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057225","descriptor_name":"Data Mining","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btu061","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu061","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article-pdf/30/11/1587/48927975/bioinformatics_30_11_1587.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S52395412","display_name":"Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1367-4803","issn":["1367-4803","1367-4811"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:24489368","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24489368","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.aston.ac.uk:25567","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publications.aston.ac.uk/view/author/0eaf71d33f36ad02379e16440bd5bcb2.html>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400483","display_name":"Aston Publications Explorer (Aston University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169199633","host_organization_name":"Aston University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169199633"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btu061","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu061","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article-pdf/30/11/1587/48927975/bioinformatics_30_11_1587.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S52395412","display_name":"Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1367-4803","issn":["1367-4803","1367-4811"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5899999737739563,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W76749362","https://openalex.org/W91267029","https://openalex.org/W1880262756","https://openalex.org/W1965893653","https://openalex.org/W2031823405","https://openalex.org/W2032566933","https://openalex.org/W2071094139","https://openalex.org/W2098722636","https://openalex.org/W2101530851","https://openalex.org/W2124372976","https://openalex.org/W2124772738","https://openalex.org/W2152228269","https://openalex.org/W2158899491","https://openalex.org/W2164019165","https://openalex.org/W2784481052","https://openalex.org/W2914431807","https://openalex.org/W2916355958","https://openalex.org/W2918995630","https://openalex.org/W2952230511","https://openalex.org/W4231510805","https://openalex.org/W6639619044","https://openalex.org/W6658704000","https://openalex.org/W6675170123","https://openalex.org/W6678739045","https://openalex.org/W6683738474","https://openalex.org/W6684165356"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2887358545","https://openalex.org/W4241083716","https://openalex.org/W2914463643","https://openalex.org/W2375873920","https://openalex.org/W2096951189","https://openalex.org/W3185751515","https://openalex.org/W2146114872","https://openalex.org/W2392060890","https://openalex.org/W2392760275","https://openalex.org/W2083530853"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"MOTIVATION:":[0],"In":[1,144,156],"molecular":[2,4,44],"biology,":[3],"events":[5,20],"describe":[6],"observable":[7],"alterations":[8],"of":[9,14,29,39,43,74,130,139,240],"biomolecules,":[10],"such":[11],"as":[12,82,90],"binding":[13],"proteins":[15],"or":[16,27],"RNA":[17],"production.":[18],"These":[19],"might":[21],"be":[22,88],"responsible":[23],"for":[24,136,152,206],"drug":[25],"reactions":[26],"development":[28],"certain":[30],"diseases.":[31],"As":[32],"such,":[33],"biomedical":[34,75,160],"event":[35,62,76,80,84,110,114,140,153,209],"extraction,":[36],"the":[37,58,61,71,79,105,118,137,188,195,208,215,228,234,238,241],"process":[38,73],"automatically":[40],"detecting":[41,57],"description":[42],"interactions":[45],"in":[46,70,97],"research":[47,51],"articles,":[48],"attracted":[49],"substantial":[50],"interest":[52],"recently.":[53],"Event":[54],"trigger":[55,85,141,154,210],"identification,":[56],"words":[59],"describing":[60],"types,":[63],"is":[64,134,204,225],"a":[65,91,98,100,122,127,149,164],"crucial":[66,135],"and":[67,112,132,171,190],"prerequisite":[68],"step":[69],"pipeline":[72],"extraction.":[77],"Taking":[78],"types":[81],"classes,":[83],"identification":[86],"can":[87],"viewed":[89],"classification":[92],"task.":[93],"For":[94],"each":[95],"word":[96,106,175],"sentence,":[99],"trained":[101],"classifier":[102],"predicts":[103],"whether":[104],"corresponds":[107],"to":[108],"an":[109],"type":[111,115],"which":[113],"based":[116],"on":[117,214,223],"context":[119,192],"features.":[120],"Therefore,":[121],"well-designed":[123],"feature":[124,202],"set":[125,203],"with":[126,187,233],"good":[128],"level":[129],"discrimination":[131],"generalization":[133],"performance":[138],"identification.":[142,155],"RESULTS:":[143],"this":[145],"article,":[146],"we":[147,158],"propose":[148],"novel":[150],"framework":[151,230],"particular,":[157],"learn":[159],"domain":[161],"knowledge":[162],"from":[163,169],"large":[165],"text":[166],"corpus":[167,218],"built":[168],"Medline":[170],"embed":[172],"it":[173],"into":[174],"features":[176,183,193],"using":[177,194],"neural":[178],"language":[179],"modeling.":[180],"The":[181,200],"embedded":[182],"are":[184],"then":[185],"combined":[186,201],"syntactic":[189],"semantic":[191],"multiple":[196],"kernel":[197],"learning":[198],"method.":[199],"used":[205],"training":[207],"classifier.":[211],"Experimental":[212],"results":[213],"golden":[216],"standard":[217],"show":[219],"that":[220],">2.5%":[221],"improvement":[222],"F-score":[224],"achieved":[226],"by":[227],"proposed":[229,242],"when":[231],"compared":[232],"state-of-the-art":[235],"approach,":[236],"demonstrating":[237],"effectiveness":[239],"framework.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
