{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2095809779","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bti419","title":"Multiclass cancer classification and biomarker discovery using GA-based algorithms","display_name":"Multiclass cancer classification and biomarker discovery using GA-based algorithms","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-04-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2095809779","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bti419","mag":"2095809779","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15814557"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bti419","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bti419","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article-pdf/21/11/2691/48971212/bioinformatics_21_11_2691.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210188263","display_name":"Computer applications in the biosciences","issn_l":"0266-7061","issn":["0266-7061","1460-2059"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article-pdf/21/11/2691/48971212/bioinformatics_21_11_2691.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002103276","display_name":"Jason J. Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7379-5022"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J. J. Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tularik Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA","Tularik Inc. South San Francisco CA 94080, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tularik Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tularik Inc. South San Francisco CA 94080, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044725190","display_name":"Gene Cutler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0885-8904"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Cutler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tularik Inc. South San Francisco CA 94080, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tularik Inc. South San Francisco CA 94080, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100360786","display_name":"Wenyuan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9385-3069"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W. Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tularik Inc. South San Francisco CA 94080, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tularik Inc. South San Francisco CA 94080, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055001546","display_name":"Zhibin Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4695-311X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Z. Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tularik Inc. South San Francisco CA 94080, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tularik Inc. South San Francisco CA 94080, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"S. Peng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027 ,China)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027 ,China)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079033247","display_name":"Timothy Hoey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7066-015X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. Hoey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tularik Inc. South San Francisco CA 94080, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tularik Inc. South San Francisco CA 94080, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032598180","display_name":"Liangbiao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0717-8536"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124606","display_name":"Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology","ror":"https://ror.org/02aee5m12","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210124606"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124606","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009212787","display_name":"Xuefeng B. Ling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5386-3884"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"X. B. Ling","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tularik Inc. South San Francisco CA 94080, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tularik Inc. South San Francisco CA 94080, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002103276"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.3318,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":188,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98062391,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"11","first_page":"2691","last_page":"2697"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10885","display_name":"Gene expression and cancer classification","score":0.9124000072479248,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10885","display_name":"Gene expression and cancer classification","score":0.9124000072479248,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10887","display_name":"Bioinformatics and Genomic Networks","score":0.019300000742077827,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.0044999998062849045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.6790934801101685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomarker-discovery","display_name":"Biomarker discovery","score":0.6446752548217773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6351532936096191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.580411970615387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","score":0.5291569232940674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5144858360290527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiclass-classification","display_name":"Multiclass classification","score":0.5105053186416626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dna-microarray","display_name":"DNA microarray","score":0.4771120846271515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer-biomarkers","display_name":"Cancer biomarkers","score":0.44524165987968445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomarker","display_name":"Biomarker","score":0.4332549273967743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/centroid","display_name":"Centroid","score":0.42563343048095703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microarray-analysis-techniques","display_name":"Microarray analysis techniques","score":0.4120638370513916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.39705222845077515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3922027051448822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer","display_name":"Cancer","score":0.3523523807525635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.34520983695983887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene","display_name":"Gene","score":0.21857327222824097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proteomics","display_name":"Proteomics","score":0.1516169011592865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.14460760354995728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene-expression","display_name":"Gene expression","score":0.08858880400657654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetics","display_name":"Genetics","score":0.07485714554786682}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6790934801101685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124535831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4915074","display_name":"Biomarker discovery","level":4,"score":0.6446752548217773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6351532936096191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.580411970615387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.5291569232940674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5144858360290527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123860398","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934605","display_name":"Multiclass classification","level":3,"score":0.5105053186416626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95371953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q591745","display_name":"DNA microarray","level":4,"score":0.4771120846271515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777002142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5031432","display_name":"Cancer biomarkers","level":3,"score":0.44524165987968445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781197716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864574","display_name":"Biomarker","level":2,"score":0.4332549273967743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146599234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q511093","display_name":"Centroid","level":2,"score":0.42563343048095703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8415881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6839217","display_name":"Microarray analysis techniques","level":4,"score":0.4120638370513916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.39705222845077515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3922027051448822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.3523523807525635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.34520983695983887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.21857327222824097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46111723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471857","display_name":"Proteomics","level":3,"score":0.1516169011592865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.14460760354995728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150194340","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26972","display_name":"Gene expression","level":3,"score":0.08858880400657654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.07485714554786682}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003936","descriptor_name":"Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003936","descriptor_name":"Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003936","descriptor_name":"Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009363","descriptor_name":"Neoplasm Proteins","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009363","descriptor_name":"Neoplasm Proteins","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009363","descriptor_name":"Neoplasm Proteins","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009363","descriptor_name":"Neoplasm Proteins","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009363","descriptor_name":"Neoplasm Proteins","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009363","descriptor_name":"Neoplasm Proteins","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009363","descriptor_name":"Neoplasm Proteins","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009363","descriptor_name":"Neoplasm Proteins","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009363","descriptor_name":"Neoplasm Proteins","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014408","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers, Tumor","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014408","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers, Tumor","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014408","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers, Tumor","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014408","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers, Tumor","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014408","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers, Tumor","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014408","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers, Tumor","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014408","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers, Tumor","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014408","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers, Tumor","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014408","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers, Tumor","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020411","descriptor_name":"Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020411","descriptor_name":"Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020411","descriptor_name":"Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020869","descriptor_name":"Gene Expression Profiling","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020869","descriptor_name":"Gene Expression Profiling","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020869","descriptor_name":"Gene Expression Profiling","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bti419","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bti419","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article-pdf/21/11/2691/48971212/bioinformatics_21_11_2691.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210188263","display_name":"Computer applications in the biosciences","issn_l":"0266-7061","issn":["0266-7061","1460-2059"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:15814557","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15814557","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bti419","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bti419","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article-pdf/21/11/2691/48971212/bioinformatics_21_11_2691.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210188263","display_name":"Computer applications in the biosciences","issn_l":"0266-7061","issn":["0266-7061","1460-2059"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6700000166893005}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1527927437","https://openalex.org/W1561581602","https://openalex.org/W1568834902","https://openalex.org/W1639032689","https://openalex.org/W1764306607","https://openalex.org/W1966626540","https://openalex.org/W1970357063","https://openalex.org/W1977982517","https://openalex.org/W1978392040","https://openalex.org/W1986381857","https://openalex.org/W1989076816","https://openalex.org/W2008276243","https://openalex.org/W2035936829","https://openalex.org/W2036902495","https://openalex.org/W2073639853","https://openalex.org/W2099841076","https://openalex.org/W2102794349","https://openalex.org/W2108728387","https://openalex.org/W2109363337","https://openalex.org/W2113002145","https://openalex.org/W2114281975","https://openalex.org/W2124158580","https://openalex.org/W2127464112","https://openalex.org/W2134389439","https://openalex.org/W2137476312","https://openalex.org/W2138550913","https://openalex.org/W2139564441","https://openalex.org/W2148603752","https://openalex.org/W2149250260","https://openalex.org/W2155470210","https://openalex.org/W2157531738","https://openalex.org/W2197805617","https://openalex.org/W2346296314","https://openalex.org/W4229574182"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4377043188","https://openalex.org/W1992520653","https://openalex.org/W2154438952","https://openalex.org/W4300922152","https://openalex.org/W23749647","https://openalex.org/W4390016220","https://openalex.org/W2287034233","https://openalex.org/W4367626206","https://openalex.org/W4312777463","https://openalex.org/W2323382003"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"MOTIVATION:":[0],"The":[1,63],"development":[2],"of":[3,23,40,48,55,65,68,83,119,146,154,163,169,183],"microarray-based":[4,198],"high-throughput":[5],"gene":[6,50,140],"profiling":[7],"has":[8],"led":[9],"to":[10,115,129],"the":[11,37,124,161],"hope":[12],"that":[13,185,197],"this":[14,193],"technology":[15],"could":[16,186],"provide":[17],"an":[18,204],"efficient":[19],"and":[20,25,33,81,92,171,180,211],"accurate":[21],"means":[22],"diagnosing":[24],"classifying":[26],"tumors,":[27],"as":[28,30,189],"well":[29],"predicting":[31],"prognoses":[32],"effective":[34,46,205],"treatments.":[35],"However,":[36],"large":[38],"amount":[39],"data":[41],"generated":[42],"by":[43],"microarrays":[44],"requires":[45],"reduction":[47],"discriminant":[49,158],"features":[51,106,141],"into":[52],"reliable":[53,66],"sets":[54,67,118,135],"tumor":[56,61,157,178],"biomarkers":[57],"for":[58,101,207],"such":[59],"multiclass":[60,102,199],"discrimination.":[62],"availability":[64],"biomarkers,":[69,72],"especially":[70],"serum":[71],"should":[73],"have":[74,87,143],"a":[75,181],"major":[76],"impact":[77],"on":[78],"our":[79],"understanding":[80],"treatment":[82],"cancer.":[84],"RESULTS:":[85],"We":[86],"combined":[88],"genetic":[89],"algorithm":[90],"(GA)":[91],"all":[93],"paired":[94],"(AP)":[95],"support":[96],"vector":[97],"machine":[98],"(SVM)":[99],"methods":[100],"cancer":[103,190,208,214],"categorization.":[104],"Predictive":[105],"can":[107,202],"be":[108,187,203],"automatically":[109],"determined":[110],"through":[111],"iterative":[112],"GA/SVM,":[113],"leading":[114],"very":[116],"compact":[117],"non-redundant":[120],"cancer-relevant":[121],"genes":[122,184],"with":[123],"best":[125],"classification":[126],"performance":[127],"reported":[128],"date.":[130],"Interestingly,":[131],"these":[132,155],"different":[133],"classifier":[134],"harbor":[136],"only":[137],"modest":[138],"overlapping":[139],"but":[142],"similar":[144],"levels":[145],"accuracy":[147],"in":[148],"leave-one-out":[149],"cross-validations":[150],"(LOOCV).":[151],"Further":[152],"characterization":[153],"optimal":[156],"features,":[159],"including":[160],"use":[162],"nearest":[164],"shrunken":[165],"centroids":[166],"(NSC),":[167],"analysis":[168,201],"annotations":[170],"literature":[172],"text":[173],"mining,":[174],"reveals":[175],"previously":[176],"unappreciated":[177],"subclasses":[179],"series":[182],"used":[188],"biomarkers.":[191],"With":[192],"approach,":[194],"we":[195],"believe":[196],"molecular":[200,213],"tool":[206],"biomarker":[209],"discovery":[210],"subsequent":[212],"diagnosis.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-16T07:32:37.131356","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}