{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2127683092","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg010","title":"Identification of key concepts in biomedical literature using a modified Markov heuristic","display_name":"Identification of key concepts in biomedical literature using a modified Markov heuristic","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-02-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2127683092","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg010","mag":"2127683092","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12584127"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btg010","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg010","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article-pdf/19/3/402/48903724/bioinformatics_19_3_402.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S52395412","display_name":"Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1367-4803","issn":["1367-4803","1367-4811"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article-pdf/19/3/402/48903724/bioinformatics_19_3_402.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087212280","display_name":"William H. Majoros","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7284-9335"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108865366","display_name":"Human Genome Sciences (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k1yyh03","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108865366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1301553790","display_name":"J. Craig Venter Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/049r1ts75","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1301553790"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"W. H. Majoros","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA. bmajoros@tigr.org","J. Craig Venter Institute|"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA. bmajoros@tigr.org","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108865366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"J. Craig Venter Institute|","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1301553790"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047480814","display_name":"Ganapathy Subramanian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108865366","display_name":"Human Genome Sciences (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k1yyh03","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108865366"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. M. Subramanian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human Genome Sciences, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA and"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human Genome Sciences, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108865366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017968102","display_name":"Mark Yandell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9497-4505"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1344073410","display_name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/006w34k90","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1344073410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. D. Yandell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA","Howard Hughes Medical Institute"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1344073410"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1344073410"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087212280"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108865366","https://openalex.org/I1301553790"],"apc_list":{"value":3618,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3618},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3726,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80017213,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"3","first_page":"402","last_page":"407"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9797999858856201,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.85662841796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terminology","display_name":"Terminology","score":0.7469301223754883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine-indexing","display_name":"Search engine indexing","score":0.7004135251045227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6190651655197144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lexicon","display_name":"Lexicon","score":0.6075783371925354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5956894159317017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"Relevance (law)","score":0.5633047819137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.541496217250824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salient","display_name":"Salient","score":0.5233996510505676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.48588794469833374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.482273131608963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.47128811478614807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.46318483352661133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.4535251557826996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unified-medical-language-system","display_name":"Unified Medical Language System","score":0.4474157392978668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.41387641429901123}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.85662841796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547195049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1725664","display_name":"Terminology","level":2,"score":0.7469301223754883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75165309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2258979","display_name":"Search engine indexing","level":2,"score":0.7004135251045227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6190651655197144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778121359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8096","display_name":"Lexicon","level":2,"score":0.6075783371925354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5956894159317017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.5633047819137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.541496217250824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780719617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030752","display_name":"Salient","level":2,"score":0.5233996510505676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.48588794469833374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.482273131608963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.47128811478614807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.46318483352661133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.4535251557826996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69505689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q455338","display_name":"Unified Medical Language System","level":2,"score":0.4474157392978668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.41387641429901123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000043","descriptor_name":"Abstracting and Indexing","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000043","descriptor_name":"Abstracting and Indexing","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000043","descriptor_name":"Abstracting and Indexing","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003628","descriptor_name":"Database Management Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003628","descriptor_name":"Database Management Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003628","descriptor_name":"Database Management Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008390","descriptor_name":"Markov Chains","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008390","descriptor_name":"Markov Chains","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008390","descriptor_name":"Markov Chains","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016239","descriptor_name":"MEDLINE","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016239","descriptor_name":"MEDLINE","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016239","descriptor_name":"MEDLINE","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016247","descriptor_name":"Information Storage and Retrieval","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016247","descriptor_name":"Information Storage and Retrieval","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016247","descriptor_name":"Information Storage and Retrieval","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017432","descriptor_name":"Unified Medical Language System","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017432","descriptor_name":"Unified Medical Language System","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017432","descriptor_name":"Unified Medical Language System","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btg010","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg010","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article-pdf/19/3/402/48903724/bioinformatics_19_3_402.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S52395412","display_name":"Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1367-4803","issn":["1367-4803","1367-4811"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:12584127","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12584127","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.629.575","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.629.575","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/3/402.full.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btg010","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg010","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article-pdf/19/3/402/48903724/bioinformatics_19_3_402.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S52395412","display_name":"Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1367-4803","issn":["1367-4803","1367-4811"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7599999904632568,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2127683092.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2127683092.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W24765167","https://openalex.org/W144990771","https://openalex.org/W1483126227","https://openalex.org/W1541931954","https://openalex.org/W1566012138","https://openalex.org/W1592053870","https://openalex.org/W1596282532","https://openalex.org/W1623072288","https://openalex.org/W1717331900","https://openalex.org/W1759990168","https://openalex.org/W1790194223","https://openalex.org/W1981933378","https://openalex.org/W1983453172","https://openalex.org/W1991570251","https://openalex.org/W1999117234","https://openalex.org/W2001108429","https://openalex.org/W2008830554","https://openalex.org/W2023736097","https://openalex.org/W2046224275","https://openalex.org/W2051721519","https://openalex.org/W2081687495","https://openalex.org/W2088970556","https://openalex.org/W2095800292","https://openalex.org/W2104768328","https://openalex.org/W2109070394","https://openalex.org/W2152212406","https://openalex.org/W2152698860","https://openalex.org/W2158505321","https://openalex.org/W2159203162","https://openalex.org/W2159745916","https://openalex.org/W2162311237","https://openalex.org/W2166394306","https://openalex.org/W2314420468","https://openalex.org/W2604748391","https://openalex.org/W4234890633","https://openalex.org/W4240689716","https://openalex.org/W4250788613"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W79619734","https://openalex.org/W2748907937","https://openalex.org/W1979345825","https://openalex.org/W1577541759","https://openalex.org/W2395081922","https://openalex.org/W2161312614","https://openalex.org/W2409065517","https://openalex.org/W2025858816","https://openalex.org/W2412461992","https://openalex.org/W206173097"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"describe":[1],"a":[2],"method":[3],"of":[4,8,40],"improving":[5],"the":[6,18,23,36,41],"quality":[7,37],"automatically":[9],"extracted":[10,42],"noun":[11],"phrases":[12],"by":[13],"employing":[14],"prior":[15],"knowledge":[16],"during":[17],"HMM":[19],"training":[20,31],"procedure":[21],"for":[22],"tagger.":[24],"This":[25],"enhancement,":[26],"when":[27],"combined":[28],"with":[29],"appropriate":[30],"data,":[32],"can":[33],"greatly":[34],"improve":[35],"and":[38],"relevance":[39],"phrases,":[43],"thereby":[44],"enabling":[45],"greater":[46],"accuracy":[47],"in":[48],"downstream":[49],"literature":[50],"mining":[51],"tasks.":[52]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}