{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4225144544","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btac297","title":"<i>CLIN-X</i>: pre-trained language models and a study on cross-task transfer for concept extraction in the clinical domain","display_name":"<i>CLIN-X</i>: pre-trained language models and a study on cross-task transfer for concept extraction in the clinical domain","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4225144544","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btac297","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35485748"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btac297","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btac297","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S52395412","display_name":"Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1367-4803","issn":["1367-4803","1367-4811"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2112.08754","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052583514","display_name":"Lukas Lange","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4736-1001"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91712215","display_name":"Saarland University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jdpyv68","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91712215"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889804353","display_name":"Robert Bosch (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/01fe0jt45","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889804353"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lukas Lange","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bosch Center for Artificial Intelligence, 71272 Renningen, Germany","Spoken Language Systems Group, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarland University , 66111 Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bosch Center for Artificial Intelligence, 71272 Renningen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889804353"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spoken Language Systems Group, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarland University , 66111 Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91712215"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055589412","display_name":"Heike Adel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2787-0084"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889804353","display_name":"Robert Bosch (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/01fe0jt45","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889804353"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heike Adel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bosch Center for Artificial Intelligence, 71272 Renningen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bosch Center for Artificial Intelligence, 71272 Renningen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889804353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066026428","display_name":"Jannik Str\u00f6tgen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889804353","display_name":"Robert Bosch (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/01fe0jt45","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889804353"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jannik Str\u00f6tgen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bosch Center for Artificial Intelligence, 71272 Renningen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bosch Center for Artificial Intelligence, 71272 Renningen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889804353"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008875255","display_name":"Dietrich Klakow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4147-9690"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91712215","display_name":"Saarland University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jdpyv68","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91712215"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dietrich Klakow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spoken Language Systems Group, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarland University , 66111 Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spoken Language Systems Group, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarland University , 66111 Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91712215"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052583514"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889804353","https://openalex.org/I91712215"],"apc_list":{"value":3618,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3618},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2075,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89238654,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"12","first_page":"3267","last_page":"3274"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.86717689037323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.7052807807922363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.6742972731590271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.63618403673172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6218111515045166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.5595554113388062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.5540647506713867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5350526571273804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/f1-score","display_name":"F1 score","score":0.49277976155281067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4606077969074249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/named-entity-recognition","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","score":0.4403223693370819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/margin","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","score":0.42984744906425476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.42317330837249756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.420244038105011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.41926732659339905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.36512458324432373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.07863247394561768}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.86717689037323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.7052807807922363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.6742972731590271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.63618403673172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6218111515045166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.5595554113388062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.5540647506713867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5350526571273804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148524875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6975395","display_name":"F1 score","level":2,"score":0.49277976155281067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4606077969074249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779135771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q403574","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","level":3,"score":0.4403223693370819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.42984744906425476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.42317330837249756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.420244038105011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.41926732659339905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36512458324432373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.07863247394561768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btac297","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btac297","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S52395412","display_name":"Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1367-4803","issn":["1367-4803","1367-4811"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35485748","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35485748","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2112.08754","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2112.08754","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2112.08754","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2112.08754","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2112.08754","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2112.08754","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7400000095367432,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1034374084","https://openalex.org/W2137407193","https://openalex.org/W2147880316","https://openalex.org/W2156235098","https://openalex.org/W2160987310","https://openalex.org/W2168041406","https://openalex.org/W2615487675","https://openalex.org/W2768488789","https://openalex.org/W2880875857","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2901331771","https://openalex.org/W2911489562","https://openalex.org/W2925863688","https://openalex.org/W2949845972","https://openalex.org/W2951243568","https://openalex.org/W2952230511","https://openalex.org/W2954075147","https://openalex.org/W2962739339","https://openalex.org/W2970019270","https://openalex.org/W2970511757","https://openalex.org/W2970771982","https://openalex.org/W2971258845","https://openalex.org/W2985294119","https://openalex.org/W3002832564","https://openalex.org/W3034238904","https://openalex.org/W3034949140","https://openalex.org/W3035390927","https://openalex.org/W3096590546","https://openalex.org/W3115095335","https://openalex.org/W3121010779","https://openalex.org/W3125468681","https://openalex.org/W3153617151","https://openalex.org/W3193158708","https://openalex.org/W3198146398","https://openalex.org/W3199422761","https://openalex.org/W3204440036","https://openalex.org/W4229668175","https://openalex.org/W4287634168","https://openalex.org/W4287728555","https://openalex.org/W4295887562","https://openalex.org/W6683738474"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3149011051","https://openalex.org/W4387517132","https://openalex.org/W4281560212","https://openalex.org/W3180764077","https://openalex.org/W3116252395","https://openalex.org/W2769084352","https://openalex.org/W4386322467","https://openalex.org/W4385574021","https://openalex.org/W2887593177","https://openalex.org/W4254089628"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"CLIN-X":[1],"language":[2],"models":[3],"and":[4,9,18],"source":[5],"code":[6],"for":[7],"fine-tuning":[8],"transferring":[10],"the":[11,19],"model":[12,21],"are":[13],"publicly":[14],"available":[15],"at":[16],"https://github.com/boschresearch/clin_x/":[17],"huggingface":[20],"hub.":[22]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2022-05-01T00:00:00"}