{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3045332379","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa668","title":"Highly accurate classification of chest radiographic reports using a deep learning natural language model pre-trained on 3.8 million text reports","display_name":"Highly accurate classification of chest radiographic reports using a deep learning natural language model pre-trained on 3.8 million text reports","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3045332379","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa668","mag":"3045332379","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32702106"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa668","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa668","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S52395412","display_name":"Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1367-4803","issn":["1367-4803","1367-4811"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006318966","display_name":"Keno K. Bressem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9249-8624"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39343248","display_name":"Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/01hcx6992","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39343248"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75951250","display_name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/046ak2485","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75951250"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7877124","display_name":"Charit\u00e9 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/001w7jn25","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7877124"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Keno K Bressem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health , Berlin 10117, Germany","Department of Radiology, Charit\u00e9 , Berlin 12203, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9249-8624","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health , Berlin 10117, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7877124","https://openalex.org/I39343248","https://openalex.org/I75951250"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Charit\u00e9 , Berlin 12203, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7877124"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005164520","display_name":"Lisa C. Adams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5836-4542"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39343248","display_name":"Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/01hcx6992","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39343248"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75951250","display_name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/046ak2485","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75951250"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7877124","display_name":"Charit\u00e9 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/001w7jn25","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7877124"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lisa C Adams","raw_affiliation_strings":["Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health , Berlin 10117, Germany","Department of Radiology, Charit\u00e9 , Berlin 12203, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health , Berlin 10117, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7877124","https://openalex.org/I39343248","https://openalex.org/I75951250"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Charit\u00e9 , Berlin 12203, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7877124"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041684701","display_name":"Robert Gaudin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9061-7220"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7877124","display_name":"Charit\u00e9 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/001w7jn25","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7877124"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert A Gaudin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Oral- and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charit\u00e9 , Berlin 12203, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Oral- and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charit\u00e9 , Berlin 12203, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7877124"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110614237","display_name":"Daniel Tr\u00f6ltzsch","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7877124","display_name":"Charit\u00e9 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/001w7jn25","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7877124"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Tr\u00f6ltzsch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Oral- and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charit\u00e9 , Berlin 12203, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Oral- and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charit\u00e9 , Berlin 12203, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7877124"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008969653","display_name":"Bernd Hamm","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9141-027X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7877124","display_name":"Charit\u00e9 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/001w7jn25","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7877124"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernd Hamm","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Charit\u00e9 , Berlin 12203, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Charit\u00e9 , Berlin 12203, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7877124"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051070119","display_name":"Marcus R. Makowski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8778-647X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcus R Makowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine , Munich 81675, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine , Munich 81675, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080314977","display_name":"Chan-Yong Sch\u00fcle","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7877124","display_name":"Charit\u00e9 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/001w7jn25","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7877124"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chan-Yong Sch\u00fcle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Charit\u00e9 , Berlin 12203, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Charit\u00e9 , Berlin 12203, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7877124"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028898347","display_name":"Janis L. Vahldiek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1537-1424"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7877124","display_name":"Charit\u00e9 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/001w7jn25","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7877124"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Janis L Vahldiek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Charit\u00e9 , Berlin 12203, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Charit\u00e9 , Berlin 12203, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7877124"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012185911","display_name":"Stefan M. Niehues","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6140-9385"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7877124","display_name":"Charit\u00e9 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/001w7jn25","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7877124"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan M Niehues","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Charit\u00e9 , Berlin 12203, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Charit\u00e9 , Berlin 12203, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7877124"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006318966"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39343248","https://openalex.org/I75951250","https://openalex.org/I7877124"],"apc_list":{"value":3618,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3618},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.1674,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":69,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96661642,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"21","first_page":"5255","last_page":"5261"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.6255000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.6255000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11894","display_name":"Radiology practices and education","score":0.05999999865889549,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.04390000179409981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8271186947822571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6568809747695923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5757473707199097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.555313229560852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.5418903827667236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.5348652005195618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5151166319847107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.48668867349624634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.45364710688591003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.44359806180000305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.42846691608428955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.3645102381706238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.16726407408714294}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8271186947822571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6568809747695923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5757473707199097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.555313229560852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.5418903827667236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.5348652005195618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5151166319847107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.48668867349624634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.45364710688591003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.44359806180000305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.42846691608428955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3645102381706238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.16726407408714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016247","descriptor_name":"Information Storage and Retrieval","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016247","descriptor_name":"Information Storage and Retrieval","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016247","descriptor_name":"Information Storage and Retrieval","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa668","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa668","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S52395412","display_name":"Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1367-4803","issn":["1367-4803","1367-4811"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32702106","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32702106","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:mediatum.ub.tum.de:node/1594304","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/1594304","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196330","display_name":"mediaTUM  (Technical University of Munich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","host_organization_name":"Technical University of Munich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.800000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2954968443","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SFB 1340/1 2018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3927655827","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"5943/31/41/91","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966976587","https://openalex.org/W2114063639","https://openalex.org/W2238966896","https://openalex.org/W2338526423","https://openalex.org/W2768567289","https://openalex.org/W2803760365","https://openalex.org/W2888109941","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2963403868","https://openalex.org/W2973708120","https://openalex.org/W4294214983","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6739901393"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4288365749","https://openalex.org/W2936497627","https://openalex.org/W3013624417","https://openalex.org/W4287826556","https://openalex.org/W3098382480","https://openalex.org/W4287598411","https://openalex.org/W3100913109","https://openalex.org/W3198458223","https://openalex.org/W3126642501","https://openalex.org/W2964413124"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"MOTIVATION:":[0],"The":[1],"development":[2],"of":[3,19,31,45,51,94,122,155,172],"deep,":[4],"bidirectional":[5],"transformers":[6],"such":[7],"as":[8,61],"Bidirectional":[9],"Encoder":[10],"Representations":[11],"from":[12,189],"Transformers":[13],"(BERT)":[14],"led":[15],"to":[16,72,98,126,134,185],"an":[17],"outperformance":[18],"several":[20],"Natural":[21],"Language":[22],"Processing":[23],"(NLP)":[24],"benchmarks.":[25],"Especially":[26],"in":[27,36,53,140],"radiology,":[28],"large":[29,92],"amounts":[30,93],"free-text":[32,190],"data":[33,97,111,125,211],"are":[34,64,70,212],"generated":[35],"daily":[37],"clinical":[38],"workflow.":[39],"These":[40],"report":[41,62],"texts":[42,63],"could":[43,182],"be":[44,81,89,107],"particular":[46],"use":[47],"for":[48,57,83,157,160,163,167,200],"the":[49,136,150,170,197,202],"generation":[50],"labels":[52],"machine":[54],"learning,":[55],"especially":[56],"image":[58],"classification.":[59,76],"However,":[60],"mostly":[65],"unstructured,":[66],"advanced":[67],"NLP":[68],"methods":[69],"needed":[71],"enable":[73],"accurate":[74],"text":[75],"While":[77],"neural":[78],"networks":[79],"can":[80,106],"used":[82],"this":[84],"purpose,":[85],"they":[86],"must":[87],"first":[88],"trained":[90],"on":[91,109,118],"manually":[95,123],"labelled":[96,124],"achieve":[99,127,147],"good":[100],"results.":[101,130],"In":[102],"contrast,":[103],"BERT":[104,133],"models":[105],"pre-trained":[108],"unlabelled":[110],"and":[112,165,194],"then":[113],"only":[114],"require":[115],"fine":[116],"tuning":[117],"a":[119],"small":[120],"amount":[121],"even":[128],"better":[129],"RESULTS:":[131],"Using":[132],"identify":[135],"most":[137],"important":[138],"findings":[139],"intensive":[141],"care":[142],"chest":[143],"radiograph":[144],"reports,":[145],"we":[146],"areas":[148],"under":[149],"receiver":[151],"operation":[152],"characteristics":[153],"curve":[154],"0.98":[156],"congestion,":[158],"0.97":[159,162],"effusion,":[161],"consolidation":[164],"0.99":[166],"pneumothorax,":[168],"surpassing":[169],"accuracy":[171],"previous":[173],"approaches":[174],"with":[175],"comparatively":[176],"little":[177],"annotation":[178],"effort.":[179],"Our":[180],"approach":[181],"therefore":[183],"help":[184],"improve":[186],"information":[187],"extraction":[188],"medical":[191],"reports.":[192],"Availability":[193],"implementationWe":[195],"make":[196],"source":[198],"code":[199],"fine-tuning":[201],"BERT-models":[203],"freely":[204],"available":[205,213],"at":[206,214],"https://github.com/fast-raidiology/bert-for-radiology.":[207],"SUPPLEMENTARY":[208],"INFORMATION:":[209],"Supplementary":[210],"Bioinformatics":[215],"online.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
