{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2091729411","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbm059","title":"Biomedical ontologies: a functional perspective","display_name":"Biomedical ontologies: a functional perspective","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-10-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2091729411","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbm059","mag":"2091729411","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18077472"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/bib/bbm059","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbm059","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/bib/article-pdf/9/1/75/827967/bbm059.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S91767247","display_name":"Briefings in Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1467-5463","issn":["1467-5463","1477-4054"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Briefings in Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/bib/article-pdf/9/1/75/827967/bbm059.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004965117","display_name":"Daniel L. Rubin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5057-4369"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137306","display_name":"Stanford Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03mtd9a03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. L. Rubin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford, CA, USA. rubin@med.stanford.edu","Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford, CA, USA. rubin@med.stanford.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041175834","display_name":"Nigam H. Shah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9385-7158"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126632","display_name":"National Measurement Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/031ebne21","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4210126632","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. H. Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nigam H. Shah is a research scientist at the Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics group and member of the National Center for Biomedical Ontology. His research focuses on developing ontology-based approaches to integrate diverse information types for reasoning about biological systems"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nigam H. Shah is a research scientist at the Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics group and member of the National Center for Biomedical Ontology. His research focuses on developing ontology-based approaches to integrate diverse information types for reasoning about biological systems","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126632"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041421536","display_name":"Natasha Noy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7437-0624"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I302974498","display_name":"Canada Auto Workers","ror":"https://ror.org/048p52p98","country_code":"CA","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I302974498"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. F. Noy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Natalya Noy is a Senior Research Scientist at Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics. She is a member of the Protege group and of the National Center on Biomedical Ontology, where she works on tools for ontology management, including versioning, mapping and modularization of ontologies and on collaborative techniques for ontology development and evaluation"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Natalya Noy is a Senior Research Scientist at Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics. She is a member of the Protege group and of the National Center on Biomedical Ontology, where she works on tools for ontology management, including versioning, mapping and modularization of ontologies and on collaborative techniques for ontology development and evaluation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I302974498"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4011,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4011},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.0454,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":288,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97996022,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":"75","last_page":"90"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10887","display_name":"Bioinformatics and Genomic Networks","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology","display_name":"Ontology","score":0.8094555139541626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.7532811164855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7362685799598694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-biomedical-ontologies","display_name":"Open Biomedical Ontologies","score":0.7198246717453003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.609225869178772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.6066563725471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.5947930812835693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/idef5","display_name":"IDEF5","score":0.5263895988464355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4361313581466675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isolation","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","score":0.4211728274822235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-knowledge","display_name":"Domain knowledge","score":0.3553859293460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.3211950659751892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.28048527240753174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-ontology","display_name":"Process ontology","score":0.2792171835899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bioinformatics","display_name":"Bioinformatics","score":0.17674916982650757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.12908205389976501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology-alignment","display_name":"Ontology alignment","score":0.11280247569084167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.08563756942749023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.08187949657440186}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25810664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44325","display_name":"Ontology","level":2,"score":0.8094555139541626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.7532811164855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7362685799598694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137982476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7072326","display_name":"Open Biomedical Ontologies","level":5,"score":0.7198246717453003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.609225869178772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.6066563725471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5947930812835693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118248724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5969997","display_name":"IDEF5","level":4,"score":0.5263895988464355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4361313581466675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775941552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25212305","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","level":2,"score":0.4211728274822235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207685749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088941","display_name":"Domain knowledge","level":2,"score":0.3553859293460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3211950659751892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.28048527240753174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137003198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7247296","display_name":"Process ontology","level":3,"score":0.2792171835899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.17674916982650757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.12908205389976501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98893333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4339878","display_name":"Ontology alignment","level":4,"score":0.11280247569084167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.08563756942749023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.08187949657440186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004282","descriptor_name":"Documentation","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004282","descriptor_name":"Documentation","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004282","descriptor_name":"Documentation","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016247","descriptor_name":"Information Storage and Retrieval","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016247","descriptor_name":"Information Storage and Retrieval","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016247","descriptor_name":"Information Storage and Retrieval","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018511","descriptor_name":"Systems Integration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018511","descriptor_name":"Systems Integration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018511","descriptor_name":"Systems Integration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018875","descriptor_name":"Vocabulary, Controlled","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018875","descriptor_name":"Vocabulary, Controlled","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018875","descriptor_name":"Vocabulary, Controlled","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/bib/bbm059","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbm059","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/bib/article-pdf/9/1/75/827967/bbm059.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S91767247","display_name":"Briefings in Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1467-5463","issn":["1467-5463","1477-4054"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Briefings in Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:18077472","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18077472","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Briefings in bioinformatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.486.2109","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.486.2109","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.486.2590","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.486.2590","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://stanford.edu/~rubin/pubs/bbm059v1.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/bib/bbm059","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbm059","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/bib/article-pdf/9/1/75/827967/bbm059.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S91767247","display_name":"Briefings in Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1467-5463","issn":["1467-5463","1477-4054"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Briefings in Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1857259337","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U54 HG004028","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2225135173","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U54 HG004028","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337348","funder_display_name":"National Human Genome Research Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337348","display_name":"National Human Genome Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00baak391"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2091729411.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2091729411.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":73,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W54582252","https://openalex.org/W68011472","https://openalex.org/W171231532","https://openalex.org/W873522368","https://openalex.org/W1509900513","https://openalex.org/W1525672751","https://openalex.org/W1527927437","https://openalex.org/W1543782282","https://openalex.org/W1566357990","https://openalex.org/W1575385345","https://openalex.org/W1597713846","https://openalex.org/W1804396726","https://openalex.org/W1871852719","https://openalex.org/W1969711083","https://openalex.org/W1971739873","https://openalex.org/W1993597101","https://openalex.org/W2002043951","https://openalex.org/W2005011734","https://openalex.org/W2008535044","https://openalex.org/W2031810131","https://openalex.org/W2048845779","https://openalex.org/W2049292276","https://openalex.org/W2050533666","https://openalex.org/W2053673723","https://openalex.org/W2054032212","https://openalex.org/W2063993968","https://openalex.org/W2079672926","https://openalex.org/W2087779040","https://openalex.org/W2088525363","https://openalex.org/W2099137552","https://openalex.org/W2103017472","https://openalex.org/W2103734240","https://openalex.org/W2105713982","https://openalex.org/W2111841128","https://openalex.org/W2113024448","https://openalex.org/W2114063639","https://openalex.org/W2120702690","https://openalex.org/W2121905803","https://openalex.org/W2122174694","https://openalex.org/W2126890920","https://openalex.org/W2127480960","https://openalex.org/W2132744551","https://openalex.org/W2133045719","https://openalex.org/W2135230352","https://openalex.org/W2142580253","https://openalex.org/W2146585393","https://openalex.org/W2147714160","https://openalex.org/W2148720611","https://openalex.org/W2149665940","https://openalex.org/W2155225302","https://openalex.org/W2155331065","https://openalex.org/W2157261429","https://openalex.org/W2159675211","https://openalex.org/W2160948978","https://openalex.org/W2161549461","https://openalex.org/W2163670493","https://openalex.org/W2165674132","https://openalex.org/W2172172820","https://openalex.org/W2399070201","https://openalex.org/W2508511050","https://openalex.org/W2615447451","https://openalex.org/W2979652301","https://openalex.org/W4236241609","https://openalex.org/W4247440588","https://openalex.org/W4252576394","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4298187042","https://openalex.org/W6602841608","https://openalex.org/W6635889422","https://openalex.org/W6675060077","https://openalex.org/W6675471023","https://openalex.org/W6682611132","https://openalex.org/W7075617357"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2127299687","https://openalex.org/W2942194862","https://openalex.org/W1801798365","https://openalex.org/W2532736362","https://openalex.org/W2161180681","https://openalex.org/W3135477004","https://openalex.org/W1508812357","https://openalex.org/W1506177826","https://openalex.org/W2726617685","https://openalex.org/W1982540051"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,65,136],"information":[1],"explosion":[2,85],"in":[3,39,59,81,96,103,149],"biology":[4],"makes":[5],"it":[6],"difficult":[7],"for":[8],"researchers":[9,47,72,125],"to":[10,18,48,57,75,142,168],"stay":[11],"abreast":[12],"of":[13,21,25,29,42,67,78,92,101,109,138,146,183,194],"current":[14],"biomedical":[15,46,104,147,165,176],"knowledge":[16],"and":[17,34,120,127,160],"make":[19],"sense":[20],"the":[22,30,37,79,83,93,98,107,170,181,192],"massive":[23],"amounts":[24],"online":[26],"information.":[27],"Ontologies--specifications":[28],"entities,":[31],"their":[32,116,134,199],"attributes":[33],"relationships":[35],"among":[36],"entities":[38],"a":[40,154],"domain":[41],"discourse--are":[43],"increasingly":[44],"enabling":[45],"accomplish":[49],"these":[50],"tasks.":[51],"In":[52],"fact,":[53],"bio-ontologies":[54,158],"are":[55,161],"beginning":[56],"proliferate":[58],"step":[60],"with":[61],"accruing":[62],"biological":[63],"data.":[64],"myriad":[66],"ontologies":[68,102,119,131,174],"being":[69,162],"created":[70],"enables":[71],"not":[73],"only":[74],"solve":[76],"some":[77,113],"problems":[80],"handling":[82],"data":[84,196],"but":[86],"also":[87],"introduces":[88],"new":[89,184],"challenges.":[90],"One":[91],"key":[94],"difficulties":[95],"realizing":[97],"full":[99],"potential":[100],"research":[105,195],"is":[106,141],"isolation":[108],"various":[110],"communities":[111],"involved:":[112],"workers":[114],"spend":[115],"career":[117],"developing":[118],"ontology-related":[121],"tools,":[122],"while":[123],"few":[124],"(biologists":[126],"physicians)":[128],"know":[129],"how":[130,157],"can":[132,159],"accelerate":[133],"research.":[135],"objective":[137],"this":[139],"review":[140],"give":[143],"an":[144],"overview":[145],"ontology":[148],"practical":[150],"terms":[151],"by":[152],"providing":[153],"functional":[155],"perspective--describing":[156],"used.":[163],"As":[164],"scientists":[166],"begin":[167],"recognize":[169],"many":[171],"different":[172],"ways":[173],"enable":[175],"research,":[177],"they":[178],"will":[179,188],"drive":[180],"emergence":[182],"computer":[185],"applications":[186],"that":[187],"help":[189],"them":[190],"exploit":[191],"wealth":[193],"now":[197],"at":[198],"fingertips.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":34}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}