{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3092613928","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbaa199","title":"Semantic similarity and machine learning with ontologies","display_name":"Semantic similarity and machine learning with ontologies","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3092613928","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbaa199","mag":"3092613928","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33049044"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/bib/bbaa199","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbaa199","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/bib/article-pdf/22/4/bbaa199/39132158/bbaa199.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S91767247","display_name":"Briefings in Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1467-5463","issn":["1467-5463","1477-4054"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Briefings in Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/bib/article-pdf/22/4/bbaa199/39132158/bbaa199.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079579378","display_name":"Maxat Kulmanov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1710-1820"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maxat Kulmanov","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Abdullah University of Science and Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037662171","display_name":"Fatima Zohra Smaili","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6439-0659"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fatima Zohra Smaili","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Abdullah University of Science and Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100618900","display_name":"Xin Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7108-3574"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091018","display_name":"Bioscience Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00bsjtn43","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091018"]}],"countries":["SA","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computational Bioscience Research Center and lead of the Structural and Functional Bioinformatics Group at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Bioscience Research Center and lead of the Structural and Functional Bioinformatics Group at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554","https://openalex.org/I4210091018"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043808311","display_name":"Robert Hoehndorf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8149-5890"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert Hoehndorf","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Abdullah University of Science and Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043808311"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"],"apc_list":{"value":4011,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4011},"apc_paid":{"value":4011,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4011},"fwci":8.9426,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":168,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98710421,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"4","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10887","display_name":"Bioinformatics and Genomic Networks","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10887","display_name":"Bioinformatics and Genomic Networks","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12254","display_name":"Machine Learning in Bioinformatics","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8412869572639465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology","display_name":"Ontology","score":0.768730640411377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executable","display_name":"Executable","score":0.7161402702331543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.6425923705101013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology-components","display_name":"Ontology components","score":0.6147974133491516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.5876050591468811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-similarity","display_name":"Semantic similarity","score":0.5864139199256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/idef5","display_name":"IDEF5","score":0.5582672357559204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5147174000740051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5135481357574463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-biomedical-ontologies","display_name":"Open Biomedical Ontologies","score":0.5113184452056885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology-learning","display_name":"Ontology learning","score":0.45991718769073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.44649022817611694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.4387577176094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4372846484184265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-ontology","display_name":"Upper ontology","score":0.4241592586040497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3800259828567505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-knowledge","display_name":"Domain knowledge","score":0.3667784333229065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology-alignment","display_name":"Ontology alignment","score":0.2553831934928894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.15510571002960205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suggested-upper-merged-ontology","display_name":"Suggested Upper Merged Ontology","score":0.14125284552574158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.06933730840682983}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8412869572639465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25810664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44325","display_name":"Ontology","level":2,"score":0.768730640411377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160145156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778586","display_name":"Executable","level":2,"score":0.7161402702331543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.6425923705101013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154210476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7095057","display_name":"Ontology components","level":5,"score":0.6147974133491516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.5876050591468811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130318100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2268914","display_name":"Semantic similarity","level":2,"score":0.5864139199256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118248724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5969997","display_name":"IDEF5","level":4,"score":0.5582672357559204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5147174000740051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5135481357574463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137982476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7072326","display_name":"Open Biomedical Ontologies","level":5,"score":0.5113184452056885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777002027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3620938","display_name":"Ontology learning","level":5,"score":0.45991718769073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.44649022817611694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.4387577176094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4372846484184265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78726541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3882785","display_name":"Upper ontology","level":3,"score":0.4241592586040497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3800259828567505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207685749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088941","display_name":"Domain knowledge","level":2,"score":0.3667784333229065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98893333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4339878","display_name":"Ontology alignment","level":4,"score":0.2553831934928894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.15510571002960205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50971890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7635093","display_name":"Suggested Upper Merged Ontology","level":4,"score":0.14125284552574158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.06933730840682983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D064229","descriptor_name":"Biological Ontologies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D064229","descriptor_name":"Biological Ontologies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D064229","descriptor_name":"Biological Ontologies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/bib/bbaa199","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbaa199","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/bib/article-pdf/22/4/bbaa199/39132158/bbaa199.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S91767247","display_name":"Briefings in Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1467-5463","issn":["1467-5463","1477-4054"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Briefings in Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33049044","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33049044","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Briefings in bioinformatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8293838","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8293838","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Brief Bioinform","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.kaust.edu.sa:10754/665622","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10754/665622","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401596","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Repository (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","host_organization_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/bib/bbaa199","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbaa199","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/bib/article-pdf/22/4/bbaa199/39132158/bbaa199.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S91767247","display_name":"Briefings in Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1467-5463","issn":["1467-5463","1477-4054"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Briefings in Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1118087459","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"URF/1/3450-01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322320","funder_display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G198788104","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"URF/1/3454-01-01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322320","funder_display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2344873991","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"URF/1/3790-01-01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322320","funder_display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4433044775","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FCC/1/1976-23","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322320","funder_display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5123324070","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FCC/1/1976-06","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322320","funder_display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5629790366","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FCC/1/1976-18","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322320","funder_display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6063114943","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FCC/1/1976-04","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322320","funder_display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8026299235","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FCC/1/1976-17","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322320","funder_display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8722125687","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FCC/1/1976-26","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322320","funder_display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8895387355","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FCC/1/1976-25","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322320","funder_display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322320","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3092613928.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3092613928.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":179,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W55962619","https://openalex.org/W1482169241","https://openalex.org/W1529533208","https://openalex.org/W1530342450","https://openalex.org/W1538134818","https://openalex.org/W1540715591","https://openalex.org/W1555563750","https://openalex.org/W1583837637","https://openalex.org/W1783597500","https://openalex.org/W1926956132","https://openalex.org/W1964255443","https://openalex.org/W1977970897","https://openalex.org/W1980948656","https://openalex.org/W1988841006","https://openalex.org/W1991183254","https://openalex.org/W2012361142","https://openalex.org/W2022451103","https://openalex.org/W2031248101","https://openalex.org/W2084168100","https://openalex.org/W2087739686","https://openalex.org/W2098432760","https://openalex.org/W2100515808","https://openalex.org/W2103017472","https://openalex.org/W2103260426","https://openalex.org/W2104622981","https://openalex.org/W2110183893","https://openalex.org/W2112872859","https://openalex.org/W2113072832","https://openalex.org/W2113142309","https://openalex.org/W2114804254","https://openalex.org/W2117486996","https://openalex.org/W2119220491","https://openalex.org/W2123152121","https://openalex.org/W2124991490","https://openalex.org/W2127006085","https://openalex.org/W2127563440","https://openalex.org/W2131962941","https://openalex.org/W2136410628","https://openalex.org/W2136961946","https://openalex.org/W2139315672","https://openalex.org/W2146495783","https://openalex.org/W2150766729","https://openalex.org/W2152889283","https://openalex.org/W2154851992","https://openalex.org/W2154896031","https://openalex.org/W2157079123","https://openalex.org/W2158270697","https://openalex.org/W2162385209","https://openalex.org/W2164290176","https://openalex.org/W2164947858","https://openalex.org/W2179498003","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2283795047","https://openalex.org/W2311607323","https://openalex.org/W2338910273","https://openalex.org/W2428112462","https://openalex.org/W2492295672","https://openalex.org/W2514044079","https://openalex.org/W2523199059","https://openalex.org/W2523679382","https://openalex.org/W2559655401","https://openalex.org/W2562531153","https://openalex.org/W2588397446","https://openalex.org/W2605099106","https://openalex.org/W2606411279","https://openalex.org/W2612690371","https://openalex.org/W2615066396","https://openalex.org/W2615071493","https://openalex.org/W2618475127","https://openalex.org/W2695731692","https://openalex.org/W2759136286","https://openalex.org/W2761208857","https://openalex.org/W2767656849","https://openalex.org/W2768584793","https://openalex.org/W2770392471","https://openalex.org/W2782350151","https://openalex.org/W2786757148","https://openalex.org/W2789374663","https://openalex.org/W2790179710","https://openalex.org/W2792330846","https://openalex.org/W2792440843","https://openalex.org/W2795007297","https://openalex.org/W2799151646","https://openalex.org/W2807480793","https://openalex.org/W2810986024","https://openalex.org/W2890216969","https://openalex.org/W2895487334","https://openalex.org/W2896109759","https://openalex.org/W2900162426","https://openalex.org/W2900569176","https://openalex.org/W2901332105","https://openalex.org/W2905224888","https://openalex.org/W2912007050","https://openalex.org/W2912760808","https://openalex.org/W2913334238","https://openalex.org/W2915480215","https://openalex.org/W2915583118","https://openalex.org/W2918342466","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2924308178","https://openalex.org/W2940745853","https://openalex.org/W2944052218","https://openalex.org/W2945297971","https://openalex.org/W2950595506","https://openalex.org/W2951146425","https://openalex.org/W2951364005","https://openalex.org/W2951731136","https://openalex.org/W2962756421","https://openalex.org/W2962765587","https://openalex.org/W2962924847","https://openalex.org/W2962969117","https://openalex.org/W2964163406","https://openalex.org/W2964226597","https://openalex.org/W2964880320","https://openalex.org/W2964933744","https://openalex.org/W2965778154","https://openalex.org/W2968182852","https://openalex.org/W2974437659","https://openalex.org/W2980908323","https://openalex.org/W2981612821","https://openalex.org/W2990809140","https://openalex.org/W2991479679","https://openalex.org/W3003315801","https://openalex.org/W3012022167","https://openalex.org/W3014631870","https://openalex.org/W3016218187","https://openalex.org/W3036319527","https://openalex.org/W3091928167","https://openalex.org/W3098485826","https://openalex.org/W3099920760","https://openalex.org/W3101951402","https://openalex.org/W3101974058","https://openalex.org/W3102943483","https://openalex.org/W3104067726","https://openalex.org/W3104097132","https://openalex.org/W3104846106","https://openalex.org/W3136918052","https://openalex.org/W3146347964","https://openalex.org/W4210765383","https://openalex.org/W4240806681","https://openalex.org/W4256369010","https://openalex.org/W4288376504","https://openalex.org/W4288419263","https://openalex.org/W4288938549","https://openalex.org/W4298325241","https://openalex.org/W4300129298","https://openalex.org/W4392268868","https://openalex.org/W6602418582","https://openalex.org/W6605117347","https://openalex.org/W6636975626","https://openalex.org/W6675339850","https://openalex.org/W6675717626","https://openalex.org/W6677712588","https://openalex.org/W6678830454","https://openalex.org/W6678885109","https://openalex.org/W6682691769","https://openalex.org/W6695596964","https://openalex.org/W6723049730","https://openalex.org/W6723571424","https://openalex.org/W6731801563","https://openalex.org/W6743845106","https://openalex.org/W6745696649","https://openalex.org/W6746105822","https://openalex.org/W6746189138","https://openalex.org/W6748044310","https://openalex.org/W6750186571","https://openalex.org/W6757374366","https://openalex.org/W6757902542","https://openalex.org/W6758604235","https://openalex.org/W6760045743","https://openalex.org/W6760372454","https://openalex.org/W6761529340","https://openalex.org/W6762647395","https://openalex.org/W6768769356","https://openalex.org/W6771485939","https://openalex.org/W6780132512","https://openalex.org/W6785989397","https://openalex.org/W6821143472","https://openalex.org/W6891763429"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W991275336","https://openalex.org/W1506177826","https://openalex.org/W2125569773","https://openalex.org/W2726617685","https://openalex.org/W164246185","https://openalex.org/W4234520368","https://openalex.org/W147727067","https://openalex.org/W2398356932","https://openalex.org/W1968332217","https://openalex.org/W4232959661"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ontologies":[0],"have":[1],"long":[2],"been":[3],"employed":[4,20,46],"in":[5,21,37,76,80,96],"the":[6,65,93],"life":[7],"sciences":[8],"to":[9,33,47,70],"formally":[10],"represent":[11],"and":[12,17,40,50,56,73,88,98,111,123,131],"reason":[13],"over":[14,64],"domain":[15],"knowledge":[16,36,95],"they":[18],"are":[19,29,53,115],"almost":[22],"every":[23],"major":[24],"biological":[25],"database.":[26],"Recently,":[27],"ontologies":[28,49,69,97,100],"increasingly":[30],"being":[31,58],"used":[32],"provide":[34,61,102,126],"background":[35,94],"similarity-based":[38],"analysis":[39],"machine":[41,51,77,106],"learning":[42,52,78,107],"models.":[43,108],"The":[44,109],"methods":[45,66,110],"combine":[48],"still":[54],"novel":[55],"actively":[57],"developed.":[59],"We":[60],"an":[62],"overview":[63],"that":[67,104],"use":[68],"compute":[71],"similarity":[72,86],"incorporate":[74],"them":[75],"methods;":[79],"particular,":[81],"we":[82,113,124],"outline":[83],"how":[84,99],"semantic":[85],"measures":[87],"ontology":[89],"embeddings":[90],"can":[91,101],"exploit":[92],"constraints":[103],"improve":[105],"experiments":[112],"describe":[114],"available":[116],"as":[117],"a":[118,127],"set":[119,128],"of":[120,129],"executable":[121],"notebooks,":[122],"also":[125],"slides":[130],"additional":[132],"resources":[133],"at":[134],"https://github.com/bio-ontology-research-group/machine-learning-with-ontologies.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-07T14:57:38.498316","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}