{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2110503531","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1089/109493102321018169","title":"Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for World Trade Center Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: A Case Report","display_name":"Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for World Trade Center Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: A Case Report","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2110503531","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1089/109493102321018169","mag":"2110503531","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12556115"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1089/109493102321018169","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1089/109493102321018169","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210196129","display_name":"CyberPsychology & Behavior","issn_l":"1094-9313","issn":["1094-9313","1557-8364"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320443","host_organization_name":"Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320443"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Mary Ann Liebert, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"CyberPsychology &amp; Behavior","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089575103","display_name":"JoAnn Difede","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1013-8065"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1340179700","display_name":"NewYork\u2013Presbyterian Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03gzbrs57","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1340179700"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joann Difede","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York. The New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York. The New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1340179700","https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068315756","display_name":"Hunter G. Hoffman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6934-3568"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802964274","display_name":"Interface (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04nvtmr42","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802964274"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hunter G. Hoffman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human Interface Technology Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Department of Psychology, University of          Washington, Seattle, Washington"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human Interface Technology Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Department of Psychology, University of          Washington, Seattle, Washington","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I2802964274"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.7965,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":318,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95833493,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"6","first_page":"529","last_page":"535"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10242","display_name":"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10242","display_name":"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10416","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury Research","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9513999819755554,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exposure-therapy","display_name":"Exposure therapy","score":0.8404978513717651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality-exposure-therapy","display_name":"Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy","score":0.5145191550254822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depression","display_name":"Depression (economics)","score":0.4944929778575897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acute-stress-disorder","display_name":"Acute Stress Disorder","score":0.4933754503726959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-trade-center","display_name":"World trade center","score":0.4413703680038452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beck-depression-inventory","display_name":"Beck Depression Inventory","score":0.43373245000839233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.41987162828445435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3994412124156952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-psychology","display_name":"Clinical psychology","score":0.39329764246940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.35650092363357544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychotherapist","display_name":"Psychotherapist","score":0.3277800977230072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychiatry","display_name":"Psychiatry","score":0.28998732566833496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/posttraumatic-stress","display_name":"Posttraumatic stress","score":0.26340338587760925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anxiety","display_name":"Anxiety","score":0.2349058985710144}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778251122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446198","display_name":"Exposure therapy","level":3,"score":0.8404978513717651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910959060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3527308","display_name":"Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy","level":3,"score":0.5145191550254822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776867660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1814941","display_name":"Depression (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4944929778575897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910140627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424221","display_name":"Acute Stress Disorder","level":3,"score":0.4933754503726959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983134815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q226826","display_name":"World trade center","level":3,"score":0.4413703680038452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779631380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q813655","display_name":"Beck Depression Inventory","level":3,"score":0.43373245000839233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.41987162828445435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3994412124156952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.39329764246940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.35650092363357544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.3277800977230072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.28998732566833496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991847609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202387","display_name":"Posttraumatic stress","level":2,"score":0.26340338587760925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.2349058985710144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203133693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7283","display_name":"Terrorism","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011613","descriptor_name":"Psychotherapy","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011613","descriptor_name":"Psychotherapy","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011613","descriptor_name":"Psychotherapy","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013313","descriptor_name":"Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013313","descriptor_name":"Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013313","descriptor_name":"Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013313","descriptor_name":"Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013313","descriptor_name":"Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013313","descriptor_name":"Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D023481","descriptor_name":"Terrorism","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D023481","descriptor_name":"Terrorism","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D023481","descriptor_name":"Terrorism","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1089/109493102321018169","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1089/109493102321018169","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210196129","display_name":"CyberPsychology & Behavior","issn_l":"1094-9313","issn":["1094-9313","1557-8364"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320443","host_organization_name":"Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320443"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Mary Ann Liebert, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"CyberPsychology &amp; Behavior","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:12556115","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12556115","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cyberpsychology & behavior : the impact of the Internet, multimedia and virtual reality on behavior and society","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.9.7172","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.9.7172","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.hitl.washington.edu/research/burn/wtcbrenda.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7118636030","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GM42725-07","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","funder_display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333645","display_name":"Pfizer Pharmaceuticals","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04xeg9z08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04q48ey07"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W91278897","https://openalex.org/W285365542","https://openalex.org/W1573135555","https://openalex.org/W1635002850","https://openalex.org/W1818523973","https://openalex.org/W1971947980","https://openalex.org/W1975539506","https://openalex.org/W1978311647","https://openalex.org/W2002713980","https://openalex.org/W2013468038","https://openalex.org/W2021999691","https://openalex.org/W2022148856","https://openalex.org/W2025106538","https://openalex.org/W2041700687","https://openalex.org/W2060700486","https://openalex.org/W2069558734","https://openalex.org/W2070025642","https://openalex.org/W2083356067","https://openalex.org/W2094419105","https://openalex.org/W2095663661","https://openalex.org/W2111466790","https://openalex.org/W2117071555","https://openalex.org/W2152676810","https://openalex.org/W2154968673","https://openalex.org/W2155384729","https://openalex.org/W2158212550","https://openalex.org/W2416671198","https://openalex.org/W2532901225","https://openalex.org/W2599734864","https://openalex.org/W3080257744","https://openalex.org/W4237142465","https://openalex.org/W4238188053","https://openalex.org/W4254770128"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1590447050","https://openalex.org/W1421452145","https://openalex.org/W2889093829","https://openalex.org/W3173822740","https://openalex.org/W4313886495","https://openalex.org/W1999966513","https://openalex.org/W1945904285","https://openalex.org/W2467459383","https://openalex.org/W3093036201","https://openalex.org/W2981190041"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Done":[0],"properly":[1],"by":[2,186,222],"experienced":[3],"therapists,":[4],"re-exposure":[5],"to":[6,17,33,58,92,101,132,157],"memories":[7,34,43],"of":[8,20,72,75,82,117],"traumatic":[9,41],"events":[10],"via":[11],"imaginal":[12,96],"exposure":[13,97,112,121,171,214,231],"therapy":[14,122,172,232],"can":[15],"lead":[16],"a":[18,73,198,234],"reduction":[19,201,207],"Post-traumatic":[21],"Stress":[22],"Disorder":[23],"(PTSD)":[24],"symptoms.":[25,179],"Exposure":[26],"helps":[27],"the":[28,40,70,76,115,129,137,144,161,187,192],"patient":[29,131],"process":[30],"and":[31,35,44,60,105,126,151,166,181,191,204],"habituate":[32],"strong":[36,225],"emotions":[37,45],"associated":[38],"with":[39,94,148],"event:":[42],"they":[46],"have":[47],"been":[48],"carefully":[49],"avoiding.":[50],"But":[51],"many":[52],"patients":[53],"are":[54,219],"unwilling":[55],"or":[56],"unable":[57],"self-generate":[59],"re-experience":[61],"painful":[62],"emotional":[63,103],"images.":[64],"The":[65],"present":[66],"case":[67,217],"study":[68,243],"describes":[69],"treatment":[71,106],"survivor":[74],"World":[77,138,145],"Trade":[78,139,146],"Center":[79,147],"(WTC)":[80],"attack":[81],"9-11-01":[83],"who":[84],"had":[85],"developed":[86],"acute":[87,177,240],"PTSD.":[88,241],"After":[89],"she":[90],"failed":[91],"improve":[93],"traditional":[95],"therapy,":[98],"we":[99,124],"sought":[100],"increase":[102],"engagement":[104],"success":[107],"using":[108],"virtual":[109,133,154],"reality":[110],"(VR)":[111],"therapy.":[113,215],"Over":[114],"course":[116],"six":[118],"1-h":[119],"VR":[120,169,213,230],"sessions,":[123],"gradually":[125],"systematically":[127],"exposed":[128],"PTSD":[130,178,182,195,209],"planes":[134],"flying":[135],"over":[136],"Center,":[140],"jets":[141],"crashing":[142],"into":[143],"animated":[149],"explosions":[150],"sound":[152],"effects,":[153],"people":[155],"jumping":[156],"their":[158],"deaths":[159],"from":[160],"burning":[162],"buildings,":[163],"towers":[164],"collapsing,":[165],"dust":[167],"clouds.":[168],"graded":[170],"was":[173],"successful":[174],"for":[175,238],"reducing":[176],"Depression":[180,189],"symptoms":[183,210],"as":[184],"measured":[185],"Beck":[188],"Inventory":[190],"Clinician":[193],"Administered":[194],"Scale":[196],"indicated":[197],"large":[199,205],"(83%)":[200],"in":[202,208,247],"depression,":[203],"(90%)":[206],"after":[211],"completing":[212],"Although":[216],"reports":[218],"scientifically":[220],"inconclusive":[221],"nature,":[223],"these":[224],"preliminary":[226],"results":[227],"suggest":[228],"that":[229],"is":[233],"promising":[235],"new":[236],"medium":[237],"treating":[239],"This":[242],"may":[244],"be":[245],"examined":[246],"more":[248],"detail":[249],"at":[250],"www.vrpain.com.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":18}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
