{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2104439084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1089/109493101300117884","title":"Research on Presence in Virtual Reality: A Survey","display_name":"Research on Presence in Virtual Reality: A Survey","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2104439084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1089/109493101300117884","mag":"2104439084","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11710246"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1089/109493101300117884","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1089/109493101300117884","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210196129","display_name":"CyberPsychology & Behavior","issn_l":"1094-9313","issn":["1094-9313","1557-8364"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320443","host_organization_name":"Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320443"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Mary Ann Liebert, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"CyberPsychology & Behavior","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077586396","display_name":"Martijn J. Schuemie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0817-5361"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martijn J. Schuemie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems and Software Engineering, Faculty of Information Technology and Systems, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems and Software Engineering, Faculty of Information Technology and Systems, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037508267","display_name":"Peter van der Straaten","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter van der Straaten","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems and Software Engineering, Faculty of Information Technology and Systems, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","Department of Information Systems and Software Engineering Faculty of Information Technology and Systems Delft University of Technology Zuidplantsoen 4 2628 BZ, Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems and Software Engineering, Faculty of Information Technology and Systems, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems and Software Engineering Faculty of Information Technology and Systems Delft University of Technology Zuidplantsoen 4 2628 BZ, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071088737","display_name":"Merel Krijn","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Merel Krijn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands","Department of Information Systems and Software Engineering Faculty of Information Technology and Systems Delft University of Technology Zuidplantsoen 4 2628 BZ, Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems and Software Engineering Faculty of Information Technology and Systems Delft University of Technology Zuidplantsoen 4 2628 BZ, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021962144","display_name":"Charles A.P.G. van der Mast","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles A.P.G. van der Mast","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems and Software Engineering, Faculty of Information Technology and Systems, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","Department of Information Systems and Software Engineering Faculty of Information Technology and Systems Delft University of Technology Zuidplantsoen 4 2628 BZ, Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems and Software Engineering, Faculty of Information Technology and Systems, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems and Software Engineering Faculty of Information Technology and Systems Delft University of Technology Zuidplantsoen 4 2628 BZ, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.8788,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":937,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98207586,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"2","first_page":"183","last_page":"201"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9592000246047974,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11431","display_name":"Action Observation and Synchronization","score":0.9591000080108643,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psyche","display_name":"Psyche","score":0.7838941216468811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subject","display_name":"Subject (documents)","score":0.7060695290565491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.7001885771751404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5880371332168579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.548528254032135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.48815494775772095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.4581124186515808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychological-research","display_name":"Psychological research","score":0.4366978406906128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.36265993118286133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.25205129384994507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.21995079517364502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.08648020029067993}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73440236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194034","display_name":"Psyche","level":2,"score":0.7838941216468811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777855551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12310021","display_name":"Subject (documents)","level":2,"score":0.7060695290565491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.7001885771751404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5880371332168579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.548528254032135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.48815494775772095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.4581124186515808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188255311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256388","display_name":"Psychological research","level":2,"score":0.4366978406906128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36265993118286133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.25205129384994507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.21995079517364502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.08648020029067993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003142","descriptor_name":"Communication","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003142","descriptor_name":"Communication","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003142","descriptor_name":"Communication","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011613","descriptor_name":"Psychotherapy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011613","descriptor_name":"Psychotherapy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011613","descriptor_name":"Psychotherapy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D020407","descriptor_name":"Internet","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020407","descriptor_name":"Internet","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020407","descriptor_name":"Internet","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1089/109493101300117884","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1089/109493101300117884","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210196129","display_name":"CyberPsychology & Behavior","issn_l":"1094-9313","issn":["1094-9313","1557-8364"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320443","host_organization_name":"Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320443"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Mary Ann Liebert, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"CyberPsychology & Behavior","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11710246","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11710246","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cyberpsychology & behavior : the impact of the Internet, multimedia and virtual reality on behavior and society","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:tudelft.nl:uuid:4bdb513b-d6be-4250-971c-694de1f6f785","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:4bdb513b-d6be-4250-971c-694de1f6f785","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400906","display_name":"Research Repository (Delft University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","host_organization_name":"Delft University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5299999713897705,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1395602","https://openalex.org/W40276983","https://openalex.org/W71880246","https://openalex.org/W89503528","https://openalex.org/W95438101","https://openalex.org/W104998059","https://openalex.org/W124275677","https://openalex.org/W130182065","https://openalex.org/W145882784","https://openalex.org/W155786285","https://openalex.org/W164678561","https://openalex.org/W166444551","https://openalex.org/W245378261","https://openalex.org/W651526404","https://openalex.org/W1481566954","https://openalex.org/W1508109223","https://openalex.org/W1508148080","https://openalex.org/W1551717579","https://openalex.org/W1555390146","https://openalex.org/W1561694252","https://openalex.org/W1571061392","https://openalex.org/W1586856071","https://openalex.org/W1633537789","https://openalex.org/W1730438072","https://openalex.org/W1884577175","https://openalex.org/W1926043113","https://openalex.org/W1933657216","https://openalex.org/W1964706044","https://openalex.org/W1987789700","https://openalex.org/W1998284588","https://openalex.org/W1998887923","https://openalex.org/W2010371568","https://openalex.org/W2043201080","https://openalex.org/W2055816694","https://openalex.org/W2058300759","https://openalex.org/W2078555440","https://openalex.org/W2083791204","https://openalex.org/W2085960753","https://openalex.org/W2086771214","https://openalex.org/W2089184583","https://openalex.org/W2098439642","https://openalex.org/W2113920515","https://openalex.org/W2114154109","https://openalex.org/W2126913566","https://openalex.org/W2128892972","https://openalex.org/W2136757566","https://openalex.org/W2138242322","https://openalex.org/W2140648323","https://openalex.org/W2141085035","https://openalex.org/W2156885885","https://openalex.org/W2163039781","https://openalex.org/W2171057921","https://openalex.org/W2173362131","https://openalex.org/W2176794506","https://openalex.org/W2178182204","https://openalex.org/W3143797279","https://openalex.org/W4254994113","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2350457086","https://openalex.org/W3104785299","https://openalex.org/W2470779153","https://openalex.org/W4366547976","https://openalex.org/W4309532107","https://openalex.org/W3003846531","https://openalex.org/W3193991212","https://openalex.org/W3085379705","https://openalex.org/W2362565990"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Virtual":[0],"Reality":[1],"(VR)":[2],"is":[3,23,34,42,106],"starting":[4],"to":[5,44,98,132,155],"be":[6,99],"used":[7],"in":[8,57,167,177],"psychological":[9],"therapy":[10],"around":[11],"the":[12,19,31,45,64,79,89,95,122],"world.":[13],"However,":[14],"a":[15,108,164],"thorough":[16],"understanding":[17],"of":[18,47,55,73,82,88,94,158,169],"reason":[20],"why":[21],"VR":[22,171],"effective":[24],"and":[25,68,84,126,149],"what":[26],"effect":[27],"it":[28],"has":[29,139],"on":[30,39,70,113],"human":[32],"psyche":[33],"still":[35,107,181],"missing.":[36,182],"Most":[37],"research":[38,56,112,142,150],"this":[40,58,114,178],"subject":[41,115],"related":[43],"concept":[46],"presence.":[48,156],"This":[49],"paper":[50],"gives":[51],"an":[52],"up-to-date":[53],"overview":[54],"diverse":[59],"field.":[60],"It":[61],"starts":[62],"with":[63],"most":[65,72],"prevailing":[66],"definitions":[67],"theories":[69],"presence,":[71],"which":[74],"attribute":[75],"special":[76],"roles":[77],"for":[78,85,111,143,146],"mental":[80,86],"process":[81],"attention":[83],"models":[87],"virtual":[90,133],"space.":[91],"A":[92],"review":[93],"phenomena":[96],"thought":[97],"effected":[100],"by":[101],"presence":[102,125,148],"shows":[103,137],"that":[104,153],"there":[105,138],"strong":[109],"need":[110],"because":[116],"little":[117],"conclusive":[118],"evidence":[119],"exists":[120],"regarding":[121,151],"relationship":[123],"between":[124],"phenoma":[127],"such":[128],"as":[129],"emotional":[130],"responses":[131],"stimuli.":[134],"An":[135],"investigation":[136],"been":[140],"substantial":[141],"developing":[144],"methods":[145],"measuring":[147],"factors":[152,161],"contribute":[154],"Knowledge":[157],"these":[159],"contributing":[160],"can":[162],"play":[163],"vital":[165],"role":[166],"development":[168],"new":[170],"applications,":[172],"but":[173],"key":[174],"knowledge":[175],"elements":[176],"area":[179],"are":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":53},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":69},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":101},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":76},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":77},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":85},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":59},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":53},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}