{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2080285932","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1089/106652703322539033","title":"The Application of Rule-Based Methods to Class Prediction Problems in Genomics","display_name":"The Application of Rule-Based Methods to Class Prediction Problems in Genomics","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2080285932","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1089/106652703322539033","mag":"2080285932","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14633393"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1089/106652703322539033","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1089/106652703322539033","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78571599","display_name":"Journal of Computational Biology","issn_l":"1066-5277","issn":["1066-5277","1557-8666"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320443","host_organization_name":"Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320443"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Mary Ann Liebert, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computational Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/63431","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017220650","display_name":"George Michailidis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3676-1739"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George Michailidis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1027","Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1027, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1027","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1027, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013706483","display_name":"Kerby Shedden","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7222-6664"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kerby Shedden","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1027"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1027","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3437,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57955886,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"5","first_page":"689","last_page":"698"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10885","display_name":"Gene expression and cancer classification","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10885","display_name":"Gene expression and cancer classification","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12254","display_name":"Machine Learning in Bioinformatics","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11970","display_name":"Molecular Biology Techniques and Applications","score":0.9714000225067139,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6879140138626099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundancy","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","score":0.5610846877098083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5456245541572571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.526301383972168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5202894806861877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5128660202026367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5052054524421692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-based-system","display_name":"Rule-based system","score":0.4627056419849396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.45772677659988403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/association-rule-learning","display_name":"Association rule learning","score":0.44343188405036926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4291541278362274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3354197144508362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.25906264781951904}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6879140138626099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5610846877098083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5456245541572571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.526301383972168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5202894806861877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5128660202026367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5052054524421692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149271511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417149","display_name":"Rule-based system","level":2,"score":0.4627056419849396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.45772677659988403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193524817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386780","display_name":"Association rule learning","level":2,"score":0.44343188405036926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4291541278362274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3354197144508362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.25906264781951904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001943","descriptor_name":"Breast Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001943","descriptor_name":"Breast Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001943","descriptor_name":"Breast Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002965","descriptor_name":"Classification","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002965","descriptor_name":"Classification","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002965","descriptor_name":"Classification","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005786","descriptor_name":"Gene Expression Regulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005786","descriptor_name":"Gene Expression Regulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005786","descriptor_name":"Gene Expression Regulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008223","descriptor_name":"Lymphoma","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008223","descriptor_name":"Lymphoma","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008223","descriptor_name":"Lymphoma","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008223","descriptor_name":"Lymphoma","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008223","descriptor_name":"Lymphoma","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008223","descriptor_name":"Lymphoma","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008957","descriptor_name":"Models, Genetic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008957","descriptor_name":"Models, Genetic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008957","descriptor_name":"Models, Genetic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011506","descriptor_name":"Proteins","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011506","descriptor_name":"Proteins","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011506","descriptor_name":"Proteins","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012313","descriptor_name":"RNA","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012313","descriptor_name":"RNA","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012313","descriptor_name":"RNA","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D023281","descriptor_name":"Genomics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D023281","descriptor_name":"Genomics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D023281","descriptor_name":"Genomics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1089/106652703322539033","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1089/106652703322539033","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78571599","display_name":"Journal of Computational Biology","issn_l":"1066-5277","issn":["1066-5277","1557-8666"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320443","host_organization_name":"Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320443"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Mary Ann Liebert, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computational Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:14633393","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14633393","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of computational biology : a journal of computational molecular cell biology","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:deepblue.lib.umich.edu:2027.42/63431","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/63431>","pdf_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/63431","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400393","display_name":"Deep Blue (University of Michigan)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","host_organization_name":"University of Michigan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.103.7521","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.103.7521","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.stat.lsa.umich.edu/~gmichail/jcb.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.912.7846","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.912.7846","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/63431/106652703322539033.pdf%3Bjsessionid%3DCD9E8392A3D411D06911E51AFA22749E?sequence%3D1","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:deepblue.lib.umich.edu:2027.42/63431","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/63431>","pdf_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/63431","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400393","display_name":"Deep Blue (University of Michigan)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","host_organization_name":"University of Michigan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.47999998927116394}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1878651596","display_name":"Information Visualization Through Graph Drawing: Modeling, Analysis and Optimization Issues","funder_award_id":"9988095","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6878025019","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS-9988095","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2080285932.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2080285932.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W48332454","https://openalex.org/W1966701961","https://openalex.org/W1983741890","https://openalex.org/W2097255042","https://openalex.org/W2109363337","https://openalex.org/W2117812871","https://openalex.org/W2125055259","https://openalex.org/W2137476312","https://openalex.org/W2147246240","https://openalex.org/W2912934387","https://openalex.org/W4212883601"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2751920613","https://openalex.org/W2415164632","https://openalex.org/W2238349241","https://openalex.org/W2355668701","https://openalex.org/W2370453500","https://openalex.org/W2079402849","https://openalex.org/W2359717995","https://openalex.org/W1561334777","https://openalex.org/W2338045944","https://openalex.org/W2231316036"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,150,164],"propose":[1],"a":[2,16,63,70,80,93,99,104,117],"method":[3,14,142,154],"for":[4,145],"constructing":[5],"classifiers":[6],"using":[7,92,155],"logical":[8],"combinations":[9],"of":[10,18,42,69,83,125,136],"elementary":[11,59,84,88],"rules.":[12,85],"The":[13,53,111],"is":[15,56],"form":[17,98],"rule-based":[19],"classification,":[20],"which":[21],"has":[22,113],"been":[23],"widely":[24],"discussed":[25],"in":[26,39,67,148],"the":[27,40,87,108,121,134,138,141,152],"literature.":[28],"In":[29],"this":[30],"work":[31],"we":[32],"focus":[33],"specifically":[34],"on":[35,47],"issues":[36],"that":[37,61,102,119],"arise":[38],"context":[41],"classifying":[43],"cell":[44],"samples":[45],"based":[46],"RNA":[48],"or":[49],"protein":[50],"expression":[51],"measurements.":[52],"basic":[54],"idea":[55],"to":[57,78,97,107,168],"specify":[58],"rules":[60,89],"exhibit":[62],"locally":[64],"strong":[65],"pattern":[66],"favor":[68],"single":[71],"class.":[72],"Strict":[73],"admissibility":[74],"criteria":[75],"are":[76,90],"imposed":[77],"produce":[79],"manageable":[81],"universe":[82],"Then":[86],"combined":[91],"set":[94],"covering":[95],"algorithm":[96],"composite":[100,122],"rule":[101],"achieves":[103],"perfect":[105],"fit":[106],"training":[109],"data.":[110],"user":[112],"explicit":[114],"control":[115],"over":[116],"parameter":[118],"determines":[120],"rule's":[123],"level":[124],"redundancy":[126],"and":[127,159,176],"parsimony.":[128],"This":[129],"built-in":[130],"control,":[131],"along":[132],"with":[133],"simplicity":[135],"interpreting":[137],"rules,":[139],"makes":[140],"particularly":[143],"useful":[144],"classification":[146],"problems":[147],"genomics.":[149],"demonstrate":[151],"new":[153],"several":[156],"microarray":[157],"datasets":[158],"examine":[160],"its":[161],"generalization":[162],"performance.":[163],"also":[165],"draw":[166],"comparisons":[167],"other":[169],"machine-learning":[170],"strategies":[171],"such":[172],"as":[173],"CART,":[174],"ID3,":[175],"C4.5.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
