{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400763363","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2634-4386/ad64fd","title":"Reducing the spike rate of deep spiking neural networks based on time-encoding","display_name":"Reducing the spike rate of deep spiking neural networks based on time-encoding","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400763363","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2634-4386/ad64fd"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/2634-4386/ad64fd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2634-4386/ad64fd","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2634-4386/ad64fd/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212933","display_name":"Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering","issn_l":"2634-4386","issn":["2634-4386"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2634-4386/ad64fd/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079849601","display_name":"Riccardo Fontanini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4246-946X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129043915","display_name":"University of Udine","ror":"https://ror.org/05ht0mh31","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riccardo Fontanini","raw_affiliation_strings":["DPIA, Universit\u00e0 di Udine, Udine, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4246-946X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DPIA, Universit\u00e0 di Udine, Udine, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086025678","display_name":"A. Pilotto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2860-3714"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129043915","display_name":"University of Udine","ror":"https://ror.org/05ht0mh31","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Pilotto","raw_affiliation_strings":["DPIA, Universit\u00e0 di Udine, Udine, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2860-3714","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DPIA, Universit\u00e0 di Udine, Udine, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022109981","display_name":"David Esseni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3468-5197"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129043915","display_name":"University of Udine","ror":"https://ror.org/05ht0mh31","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Esseni","raw_affiliation_strings":["DPIA, Universit\u00e0 di Udine, Udine, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3468-5197","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DPIA, Universit\u00e0 di Udine, Udine, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043364325","display_name":"Mirko Loghi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7876-3612"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129043915","display_name":"University of Udine","ror":"https://ror.org/05ht0mh31","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mirko Loghi","raw_affiliation_strings":["DPIA, Universit\u00e0 di Udine, Udine, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7876-3612","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DPIA, Universit\u00e0 di Udine, Udine, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043364325"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2453},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2453},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.08148194,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"3","first_page":"034004","last_page":"034004"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9718000292778015,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9553999900817871,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spike","display_name":"Spike (software development)","score":0.8661280870437622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spiking-neural-network","display_name":"Spiking neural network","score":0.7053612470626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.619178295135498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5771397948265076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5060719847679138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spike-train","display_name":"Spike train","score":0.4680599570274353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4621167480945587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.332275927066803}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781390188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25203449","display_name":"Spike (software development)","level":2,"score":0.8661280870437622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11731999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9067355","display_name":"Spiking neural network","level":3,"score":0.7053612470626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.619178295135498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5771397948265076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5060719847679138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909946758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194277","display_name":"Spike train","level":3,"score":0.4680599570274353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4621167480945587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.332275927066803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1088/2634-4386/ad64fd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2634-4386/ad64fd","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2634-4386/ad64fd/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212933","display_name":"Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering","issn_l":"2634-4386","issn":["2634-4386"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1d3dd57b75cd4e649208dee63e065fb3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1d3dd57b75cd4e649208dee63e065fb3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering, Vol 4, Iss 3, p 034004 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/2634-4386/ad64fd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2634-4386/ad64fd","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2634-4386/ad64fd/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212933","display_name":"Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering","issn_l":"2634-4386","issn":["2634-4386"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324979","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Udine","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400763363.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400763363.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W59997565","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1965555277","https://openalex.org/W1965678517","https://openalex.org/W1967983190","https://openalex.org/W1970109917","https://openalex.org/W1985940938","https://openalex.org/W2003687987","https://openalex.org/W2006370340","https://openalex.org/W2100324194","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2121485093","https://openalex.org/W2130942839","https://openalex.org/W2156640153","https://openalex.org/W2160815625","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2163630896","https://openalex.org/W2316171798","https://openalex.org/W2621826044","https://openalex.org/W2775079417","https://openalex.org/W2962908174","https://openalex.org/W2984844508","https://openalex.org/W3122928565","https://openalex.org/W3161179337","https://openalex.org/W3170967170","https://openalex.org/W4295312788","https://openalex.org/W4297619707","https://openalex.org/W4308084266","https://openalex.org/W4362673027","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6675256301","https://openalex.org/W6678315407","https://openalex.org/W6679436768","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6699444194","https://openalex.org/W6739434765","https://openalex.org/W6766978945","https://openalex.org/W6790242628","https://openalex.org/W6846324553"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2383615955","https://openalex.org/W4306175885","https://openalex.org/W2056756835","https://openalex.org/W4312604567","https://openalex.org/W4387390134","https://openalex.org/W2165312143","https://openalex.org/W2187212244","https://openalex.org/W2977464668","https://openalex.org/W2542565870","https://openalex.org/W2583316550"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"A":[1,34],"primary":[2],"objective":[3],"of":[4,22,30,84,107,170],"Spiking":[5],"Neural":[6],"Networks":[7],"is":[8,21,86],"a":[9,17,32,49,79,96,116,147],"very":[10,24],"energy-efficient":[11],"computation.":[12,33],"To":[13],"achieve":[14],"this":[15,112],"target,":[16],"small":[18],"spike":[19,41,62,123],"rate":[20,63,124],"course":[23],"beneficial":[25],"given":[26],"the":[27,55,61,71,76,82,89,91,105,108,121,129,134,140,156,167,171],"event-driven":[28],"nature":[29],"such":[31,48,162],"network":[35,56,92],"that":[36],"processes":[37],"information":[38],"encoded":[39],"in":[40,70],"timing":[42],"can,":[43],"by":[44,127,137],"its":[45],"nature,":[46],"have":[47],"sparse":[50],"event":[51],"rate,":[52],"but,":[53],"as":[54],"becomes":[57],"deeper":[58],"and":[59],"larger,":[60],"tends":[64],"to":[65,95,119,132,151],"increase":[66],"without":[67],"any":[68],"improvements":[69],"final":[72,122],"accuracy.":[73],"If,":[74],"on":[75,81],"other":[77],"hand,":[78],"penalty":[80],"excess":[83],"spikes":[85,135],"used":[87],"during":[88,155],"training,":[90,157],"may":[93],"shift":[94],"configuration":[97],"where":[98,161],"many":[99],"neurons":[100,138,154],"are":[101],"silent,":[102],"thus":[103],"affecting":[104],"effectiveness":[106],"training":[109,149],"itself.":[110],"In":[111],"paper,":[113],"we":[114,144],"present":[115],"learning":[117],"strategy":[118,150],"keep":[120],"under":[125],"control":[126],"changing":[128],"loss":[130],"function":[131],"penalize":[133],"generated":[136],"after":[139],"first":[141],"ones.":[142],"Moreover,":[143],"also":[145],"propose":[146],"2-phase":[148],"avoid":[152],"silent":[153],"intended":[158],"for":[159],"benchmarks":[160],"an":[163],"issue":[164],"can":[165],"cause":[166],"switch":[168],"off":[169],"network.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}