{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392186140","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2634-4386/ad2d5c","title":"VCSEL-based photonic spiking neural networks for ultrafast detection and tracking","display_name":"VCSEL-based photonic spiking neural networks for ultrafast detection and tracking","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392186140","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2634-4386/ad2d5c"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/2634-4386/ad2d5c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2634-4386/ad2d5c","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2634-4386/ad2d5c/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212933","display_name":"Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering","issn_l":"2634-4386","issn":["2634-4386"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2634-4386/ad2d5c/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023043106","display_name":"Joshua Robertson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6316-5265"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joshua Robertson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Photonics, SUPA Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6316-5265","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Photonics, SUPA Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013103343","display_name":"Paul Kirkland","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5905-6816"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Kirkland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 204 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1XQ, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 204 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1XQ, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009371598","display_name":"Gaetano Di Caterina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7256-0897"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaetano Di Caterina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 204 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1XQ, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 204 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1XQ, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033264635","display_name":"Antonio Hurtado","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4448-9034"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonio Hurtado","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Photonics, SUPA Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Photonics, SUPA Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023043106"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2453},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2453},"fwci":3.254,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92511815,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"1","first_page":"014010","last_page":"014010"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrashort-pulse","display_name":"Ultrashort pulse","score":0.7254472970962524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photonics","display_name":"Photonics","score":0.6735700368881226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vertical-cavity-surface-emitting-laser","display_name":"Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser","score":0.5537197589874268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.5150663256645203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5115219354629517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5100129842758179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.39229661226272583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.31725209951400757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.30143898725509644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2222161591053009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.19746652245521545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.18188607692718506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.10121080279350281}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178596936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844471","display_name":"Ultrashort pulse","level":3,"score":0.7254472970962524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20788544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467054","display_name":"Photonics","level":2,"score":0.6735700368881226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106246969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2009618","display_name":"Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser","level":3,"score":0.5537197589874268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.5150663256645203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5115219354629517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5100129842758179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.39229661226272583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31725209951400757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.30143898725509644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2222161591053009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.19746652245521545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.18188607692718506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.10121080279350281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1088/2634-4386/ad2d5c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2634-4386/ad2d5c","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2634-4386/ad2d5c/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212933","display_name":"Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering","issn_l":"2634-4386","issn":["2634-4386"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:strathprints.strath.ac.uk:88320","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/view/author/851370.html>","pdf_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/88320/7/Robertson-etal-NCE-2024-VCSEL-based-photonic-spiking-neural-networks.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402226","display_name":"Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","host_organization_name":"University of Strathclyde","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2485a2ad71f14b69838d1a6c6674e765","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2485a2ad71f14b69838d1a6c6674e765","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering, Vol 4, Iss 1, p 014010 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/2634-4386/ad2d5c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2634-4386/ad2d5c","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2634-4386/ad2d5c/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212933","display_name":"Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering","issn_l":"2634-4386","issn":["2634-4386"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G118325716","display_name":"Turing AI Fellowship: PHOTONics for ultrafast Artificial Intelligence","funder_award_id":"EP/V025198/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4828499876","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/V025198/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7369991934","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ACC2022261","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337719","funder_display_name":"Defence and Security Accelerator"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8939647064","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/V025198/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314731","funder_display_name":"UK Research and Innovation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314731","display_name":"UK Research and Innovation","ror":"https://ror.org/001aqnf71"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337719","display_name":"Defence and Security Accelerator","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392186140.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2051270432","https://openalex.org/W2096473662","https://openalex.org/W2167148127","https://openalex.org/W2316898842","https://openalex.org/W2523090265","https://openalex.org/W2537016043","https://openalex.org/W2739588406","https://openalex.org/W2779025322","https://openalex.org/W2890412128","https://openalex.org/W2944119451","https://openalex.org/W2961408049","https://openalex.org/W2962030076","https://openalex.org/W2963454494","https://openalex.org/W2963809228","https://openalex.org/W3003967059","https://openalex.org/W3015841640","https://openalex.org/W3040838455","https://openalex.org/W3042511445","https://openalex.org/W3087030021","https://openalex.org/W3093001847","https://openalex.org/W3096230432","https://openalex.org/W3097589053","https://openalex.org/W3103448394","https://openalex.org/W3105385913","https://openalex.org/W3106819447","https://openalex.org/W3119901359","https://openalex.org/W3120165331","https://openalex.org/W3128451613","https://openalex.org/W3159646847","https://openalex.org/W3187692234","https://openalex.org/W3197107517","https://openalex.org/W3203002989","https://openalex.org/W4205991210","https://openalex.org/W4206609022","https://openalex.org/W4214558720","https://openalex.org/W4224315400","https://openalex.org/W4281712491","https://openalex.org/W4297474556","https://openalex.org/W4311700758","https://openalex.org/W4313894114","https://openalex.org/W4384522497","https://openalex.org/W4387802098","https://openalex.org/W6699497818","https://openalex.org/W6763138596","https://openalex.org/W6784310778"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2954078352","https://openalex.org/W2581372244","https://openalex.org/W819568718","https://openalex.org/W2006301743","https://openalex.org/W2111512021","https://openalex.org/W1494431480","https://openalex.org/W4309200316","https://openalex.org/W3106714810","https://openalex.org/W2083061933","https://openalex.org/W3215050957"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Inspired":[1],"by":[2],"efficient":[3,176],"biological":[4],"spike-based":[5],"neural":[6,93],"networks,":[7],"we":[8,49],"demonstrate":[9,50],"for":[10,175],"the":[11,14,51,66,108,139,145,155,165,183],"first":[12],"time":[13],"detection":[15,67,151],"and":[16,23,68,128,131,172,178,193],"tracking":[17,69],"of":[18,31,40,53,70,82,100,157,167,185],"target":[19,71,146],"patterns":[20,141],"in":[21,59,73,154],"image":[22,126],"video":[24],"inputs":[25],"at":[26,76],"high-speed":[27],"rates":[28],"with":[29,61,133],"networks":[30],"multiple":[32,54],"artificial":[33],"spiking":[34,42,92,186],"optical":[35,62,91],"neurons.":[36],"Using":[37],"photonic":[38,79,101,109,122,170],"systems":[39],"in-parallel":[41],"vertical":[43],"cavity":[44],"surface":[45],"emitting":[46],"lasers":[47],"(VCSELs),":[48],"implementation":[52],"convolutional":[55],"kernel":[56],"operators":[57],"which,":[58],"combination":[60],"spike":[63],"signalling,":[64],"enable":[65],"features":[72],"images/video":[74],"feeds":[75],"an":[77],"ultrafast":[78,179],"operation":[80],"speed":[81],"1":[83],"ns":[84],"per":[85],"pixel.":[86],"Alongside":[87],"a":[88,97,113,134,149,158],"single":[89],"layer":[90],"network":[94,99],"(SNN)":[95],"demonstration,":[96],"multi-layer":[98],"(GHz-rate)":[102],"spike-firing":[103],"neurons":[104],"is":[105],"reported":[106],"where":[107],"system":[110],"successfully":[111],"tracks":[112],"large":[114],"complex":[115,191],"feature":[116,140],"(Handwritten":[117],"Digit":[118],"3).":[119],"The":[120],"consecutive":[121],"layers":[123],"perform":[124],"spike-enabled":[125],"reduction":[127],"convolution":[129],"operations,":[130],"interact":[132],"software-implemented":[135],"SNN,":[136],"that":[137,142],"learns":[138],"best":[143],"identify":[144],"to":[147,182],"provide":[148],"high":[150],"efficiency":[152],"even":[153],"presence":[156],"distractor":[159],"feature.":[160],"This":[161],"work":[162],"therefore":[163],"highlights":[164],"effectiveness":[166],"combining":[168],"neuromorphic":[169],"hardware":[171],"software":[173],"SNNs,":[174],"learning":[177],"operation,":[180],"thanks":[181],"use":[184],"light":[187],"signals,":[188],"towards":[189],"tackling":[190],"AI":[192],"computer":[194],"vision":[195],"problems.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
