{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391985781","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2634-4386/ad2afa","title":"Multi-bit MRAM based high performance neuromorphic accelerator for image classification","display_name":"Multi-bit MRAM based high performance neuromorphic accelerator for image classification","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391985781","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2634-4386/ad2afa"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/2634-4386/ad2afa","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2634-4386/ad2afa","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212933","display_name":"Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering","issn_l":"2634-4386","issn":["2634-4386"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2634-4386/ad2afa","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031061172","display_name":"Gaurav Verma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1393-1053"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154851008","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee","ror":"https://ror.org/00582g326","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gaurav Verma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1393-1053","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010197947","display_name":"Sandeep Soni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3137-9124"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154851008","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee","ror":"https://ror.org/00582g326","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sandeep Soni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3137-9124","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087528000","display_name":"Arshid Nisar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3977-4690"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154851008","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee","ror":"https://ror.org/00582g326","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arshid Nisar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3977-4690","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021553938","display_name":"Brajesh Kumar Kaushik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6414-0032"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154851008","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee","ror":"https://ror.org/00582g326","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brajesh Kumar Kaushik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6414-0032","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031061172"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2453},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2453},"fwci":1.7714,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84242387,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"1","first_page":"014008","last_page":"014008"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromorphic-engineering","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","score":0.7964350581169128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetoresistive-random-access-memory","display_name":"Magnetoresistive random-access memory","score":0.68814617395401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6297472715377808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.45381540060043335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit","display_name":"Bit (key)","score":0.4262518584728241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3633999824523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3618275225162506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.1485351324081421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-access-memory","display_name":"Random access memory","score":0.11921781301498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.05876946449279785}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151927369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981312","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","level":3,"score":0.7964350581169128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46891859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061546","display_name":"Magnetoresistive random-access memory","level":3,"score":0.68814617395401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6297472715377808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.45381540060043335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117011727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1278488","display_name":"Bit (key)","level":2,"score":0.4262518584728241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3633999824523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3618275225162506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.1485351324081421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994168587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5295","display_name":"Random access memory","level":2,"score":0.11921781301498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.05876946449279785}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1088/2634-4386/ad2afa","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2634-4386/ad2afa","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212933","display_name":"Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering","issn_l":"2634-4386","issn":["2634-4386"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1e24fe83252741d7bbc6f31778034db6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1e24fe83252741d7bbc6f31778034db6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering, Vol 4, Iss 1, p 014008 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/2634-4386/ad2afa","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2634-4386/ad2afa","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212933","display_name":"Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering","issn_l":"2634-4386","issn":["2634-4386"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2010202670","https://openalex.org/W2048803031","https://openalex.org/W2093860851","https://openalex.org/W2095378969","https://openalex.org/W2148830790","https://openalex.org/W2340865130","https://openalex.org/W2753463544","https://openalex.org/W2757632807","https://openalex.org/W2787759178","https://openalex.org/W2793276401","https://openalex.org/W2796129752","https://openalex.org/W2812853021","https://openalex.org/W2903750391","https://openalex.org/W2952797486","https://openalex.org/W2974585810","https://openalex.org/W2997277879","https://openalex.org/W3036450648","https://openalex.org/W3061567197","https://openalex.org/W3083479797","https://openalex.org/W3149633442","https://openalex.org/W3169244470","https://openalex.org/W3185373285","https://openalex.org/W3193853696","https://openalex.org/W3208053123","https://openalex.org/W3212486084","https://openalex.org/W3212958336","https://openalex.org/W4324100850","https://openalex.org/W4386079354","https://openalex.org/W6674449211","https://openalex.org/W6748714585","https://openalex.org/W6753169842","https://openalex.org/W6780088229","https://openalex.org/W6804693248"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2951049725","https://openalex.org/W4285308918","https://openalex.org/W2971712727","https://openalex.org/W4387459935","https://openalex.org/W3015991694","https://openalex.org/W2908450434","https://openalex.org/W3193008624","https://openalex.org/W4382561696","https://openalex.org/W2581119583","https://openalex.org/W2895519962"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Binary":[1],"neural":[2,20],"networks":[3,21],"(BNNs)":[4],"are":[5],"the":[6,12,16,59,83,123,149],"most":[7],"efficient":[8],"solution":[9,74],"to":[10,75,111],"bridge":[11],"design":[13],"gap":[14],"of":[15,19,89,122,128,138,148],"hardware":[17],"implementation":[18],"in":[22,136],"a":[23,28,72],"resource-constrained":[24],"environment.":[25],"Spintronics":[26],"is":[27,143,154],"prominent":[29],"technology":[30],"among":[31],"emerging":[32],"fields":[33],"for":[34],"next-generation":[35],"on-chip":[36],"non-volatile":[37],"memory.":[38],"Spin":[39],"transfer":[40],"torque":[41,45],"(STT)":[42],"and":[43,54,64,86,93,101,141,156,163],"spin-orbit":[44],"(SOT)":[46],"based":[47],"magnetic":[48],"random-access":[49],"memory":[50],"(MRAM)":[51],"offer":[52],"non-volatility":[53],"negligible":[55],"static":[56],"power.":[57],"Over":[58],"last":[60],"few":[61],"years,":[62],"STT":[63,92],"SOT-based":[65],"multilevel":[66,118],"spintronic":[67],"memories":[68],"have":[69,108],"emerged":[70],"as":[71],"promising":[73],"attain":[76],"high":[77],"storage":[78],"density.":[79],"This":[80],"paper":[81],"presents":[82],"operation":[84],"principle":[85],"performance":[87,121],"evaluation":[88],"spintronics-based":[90],"single-bit":[91,161],"SOT":[94],"MRAM,":[95],"dual-level":[96],"cells,":[97],"three-level":[98],"cells":[99,135],"(TLCs),":[100],"four-level":[102],"cells.":[103],"Further,":[104],"multi-layer":[105],"perceptron":[106],"architectures":[107],"been":[109],"utilized":[110],"perform":[112],"MNIST":[113],"image":[114],"classification":[115],"with":[116,131],"these":[117],"devices.":[119],"The":[120,145],"complete":[124],"system":[125],"level":[126],"consisting":[127],"crossbar":[129],"arrays":[130],"various":[132],"MRAM":[133],"bit":[134],"terms":[137],"area,":[139],"energy,":[140],"latency":[142],"evaluated.":[144],"throughput":[146],"efficiency":[147],"BNN":[150],"accelerator":[151],"using":[152],"TLCs":[153],"26.6X,":[155],"3.61X":[157],"higher":[158],"than":[159],"conventional":[160],"STT-MRAM,":[162],"SOT-MRAM":[164],"respectively.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}