{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387124530","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2634-4386/acfe36","title":"Integrate-and-fire circuit for converting analog signals to spikes using phase encoding <sup>*</sup>","display_name":"Integrate-and-fire circuit for converting analog signals to spikes using phase encoding <sup>*</sup>","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387124530","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2634-4386/acfe36"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/2634-4386/acfe36","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2634-4386/acfe36","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2634-4386/acfe36/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212933","display_name":"Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering","issn_l":"2634-4386","issn":["2634-4386"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2634-4386/acfe36/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008674624","display_name":"Javier L\u00f3pez-Randulfe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6922-6951"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Javier Lopez-Randulfe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University of Munich, Arcisstr. 21, Munchen, 80333, GERMANY"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6922-6951","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Munich, Arcisstr. 21, Munchen, 80333, GERMANY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057147001","display_name":"Nico Reeb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4617-6215"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nico Reeb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University of Munich, Arcisstr. 21, Munchen, 80333, GERMANY"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4617-6215","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Munich, Arcisstr. 21, Munchen, 80333, GERMANY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063781430","display_name":"Alois Knoll","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4840-076X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alois Knoll","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University of Munich, Arcisstr. 21, Munchen, 80333, GERMANY"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4840-076X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Munich, Arcisstr. 21, Munchen, 80333, GERMANY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008674624"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2453},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2453},"fwci":0.757,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71322307,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"4","first_page":"044002","last_page":"044002"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12236","display_name":"Photoreceptor and optogenetics research","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.7188770174980164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.5376862287521362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.386676162481308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.294613778591156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.14290747046470642}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.7188770174980164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.5376862287521362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.386676162481308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.294613778591156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.14290747046470642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1088/2634-4386/acfe36","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2634-4386/acfe36","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2634-4386/acfe36/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212933","display_name":"Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering","issn_l":"2634-4386","issn":["2634-4386"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2310.02055","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2310.02055","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.02055","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b048d38ce5354003a77bf6054564de5c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b048d38ce5354003a77bf6054564de5c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering, Vol 3, Iss 4, p 044002 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mediatum.ub.tum.de:node/1724546","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/1724546","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196330","display_name":"mediaTUM  (Technical University of Munich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","host_organization_name":"Technical University of Munich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/2634-4386/acfe36","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2634-4386/acfe36","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2634-4386/acfe36/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212933","display_name":"Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering","issn_l":"2634-4386","issn":["2634-4386"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9200000166893005,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6788424542","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"16ES0995","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387124530.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987188408","https://openalex.org/W2017439823","https://openalex.org/W2023097449","https://openalex.org/W2034602202","https://openalex.org/W2046450149","https://openalex.org/W2069548279","https://openalex.org/W2072843066","https://openalex.org/W2076964542","https://openalex.org/W2112661761","https://openalex.org/W2117731089","https://openalex.org/W2127806105","https://openalex.org/W2136057247","https://openalex.org/W2163598552","https://openalex.org/W2167697781","https://openalex.org/W2170319235","https://openalex.org/W2170759423","https://openalex.org/W2187011629","https://openalex.org/W2608091720","https://openalex.org/W2775079417","https://openalex.org/W2885422799","https://openalex.org/W2889098589","https://openalex.org/W2995256488","https://openalex.org/W3039197110","https://openalex.org/W3134784623","https://openalex.org/W3147709328","https://openalex.org/W3151328790","https://openalex.org/W3166644668","https://openalex.org/W3200869518","https://openalex.org/W3202875595","https://openalex.org/W3214253320","https://openalex.org/W4220808996","https://openalex.org/W4221038823","https://openalex.org/W4221165673","https://openalex.org/W4292120591","https://openalex.org/W4309270117","https://openalex.org/W4313503347","https://openalex.org/W6842744347"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2478288626","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2350741829"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Processing":[1],"sensor":[2],"data":[3],"with":[4,114,129],"spiking":[5,150],"neural":[6],"networks":[7],"on":[8,122,161],"digital":[9,115,134,192],"neuromorphic":[10,35,73,135,173],"chips":[11],"requires":[12],"converting":[13],"continuous":[14,96],"analog":[15,41,97],"signals":[16,42,98,163],"into":[17,99],"spike":[18,62,140],"pulses.":[19],"Two":[20],"strategies":[21],"are":[22,112],"promising":[23],"for":[24,49,69,94,187],"achieving":[25],"low":[26],"energy":[27],"consumption":[28],"and":[29,71,126,142],"fast":[30,70],"processing":[31,194],"speeds":[32],"in":[33],"end-to-end":[34,172],"applications.":[36],"First,":[37],"to":[38,43,45,54,59,165],"directly":[39],"encode":[40],"spikes":[44,110],"bypass":[46],"the":[47,61,84,88,119,138,144,153,158,177,185],"need":[48,186],"an":[50,80,171,181,188],"analog-to-digital":[51],"converter.":[52],"Second,":[53],"use":[55],"temporal":[56],"encoding":[57,95],"techniques":[58],"maximize":[60],"sparsity,":[63],"which":[64],"is":[65],"a":[66,100,123,149,191],"crucial":[67],"parameter":[68],"efficient":[72],"processing.":[74],"In":[75],"this":[76],"work,":[77],"we":[78,169],"propose":[79],"adaptive":[81],"control":[82],"of":[83,87,102,152,180],"refractory":[85],"period":[86],"leaky":[89],"integrate-and-fire":[90],"(LIF)":[91],"neuron":[92,120],"model":[93,121],"train":[101],"time-coded":[103],"spikes.":[104],"The":[105],"LIF-based":[106],"encoder":[107],"generates":[108,176],"phase-encoded":[109],"that":[111,175],"compatible":[113],"hardware.":[116],"We":[117,156],"implemented":[118],"physical":[124],"circuit":[125,160],"tested":[127,157],"it":[128],"different":[130],"electric":[131,162,182],"signals.":[132],"A":[133],"chip":[136],"processed":[137],"generated":[139],"trains":[141],"computed":[143],"signal\u2019s":[145],"frequency":[146,178],"spectrum":[147,179],"using":[148],"version":[151],"Fourier":[154],"transform.":[155],"prototype":[159],"up":[164],"1":[166],"kHz.":[167],"Thus,":[168],"provide":[170],"application":[174],"signal":[183,193],"without":[184],"ADC":[189],"or":[190],"algorithm.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-09T13:55:54.758798","created_date":"2023-09-29T00:00:00"}
