{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415449354","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/ae1656","title":"Enhancing a convolutional autoencoder with a quantum approximate optimization algorithm for image noise reduction","display_name":"Enhancing a convolutional autoencoder with a quantum approximate optimization algorithm for image noise reduction","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415449354","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/ae1656"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/2632-2153/ae1656","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/ae1656","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200687","display_name":"Machine Learning Science and Technology","issn_l":"2632-2153","issn":["2632-2153"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning: Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/ae1656","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119276357","display_name":"Tara Kit","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5240-015X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8991828","display_name":"Pukyong National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0433kqc49","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8991828"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tara Kit","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of AI Convergence, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5240-015X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of AI Convergence, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8991828"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119276356","display_name":"Kimsay Pov","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8991828","display_name":"Pukyong National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0433kqc49","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8991828"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kimsay Pov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of AI Convergence, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8391-3869","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of AI Convergence, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8991828"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014148140","display_name":"Kimleang Kea","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6236-1379"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8991828","display_name":"Pukyong National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0433kqc49","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8991828"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kimleang Kea","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of AI Convergence, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6236-1379","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of AI Convergence, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8991828"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101650659","display_name":"Won-Du Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7437-4211"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8991828","display_name":"Pukyong National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0433kqc49","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8991828"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Won-Du Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of AI Convergence, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7437-4211","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of AI Convergence, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8991828"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101785868","display_name":"Hee Chul Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2064-1481"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8991828","display_name":"Pukyong National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0433kqc49","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8991828"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hee Chul Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2064-1481","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8991828"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066626872","display_name":"Youngsun Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7712-2514"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8991828","display_name":"Pukyong National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0433kqc49","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8991828"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youngsun Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of AI Convergence, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7712-2514","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of AI Convergence, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8991828"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1962},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1962},"fwci":3.4183,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93432196,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"4","first_page":"045027","last_page":"045027"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9114000201225281,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9114000201225281,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.8723999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mnist-database","display_name":"MNIST database","score":0.8567000031471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.5235000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-code","display_name":"Convolutional code","score":0.48809999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise-reduction","display_name":"Noise reduction","score":0.47679999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4715999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4674000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.4643999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4399000108242035}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.8723999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190502265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17069496","display_name":"MNIST database","level":3,"score":0.8567000031471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5662000179290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.5235000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157899210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1395022","display_name":"Convolutional code","level":3,"score":0.48809999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163294075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581861","display_name":"Noise reduction","level":2,"score":0.47679999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4715999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4674000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4648999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.4643999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4399000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55020928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865","display_name":"Image quality","level":3,"score":0.43849998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.436599999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.43619999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41839998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.34529998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137019171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623817","display_name":"Quantum algorithm","level":3,"score":0.34150001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3357999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153258448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199743","display_name":"Gradient descent","level":3,"score":0.33160001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.32519999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.29109999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.27090001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68339613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489","display_name":"Speedup","level":2,"score":0.2587999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.25859999656677246}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1088/2632-2153/ae1656","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/ae1656","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200687","display_name":"Machine Learning Science and Technology","issn_l":"2632-2153","issn":["2632-2153"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning: Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4efa9a37709b46e288463e3f8e36321f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4efa9a37709b46e288463e3f8e36321f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning: Science and Technology, Vol 6, Iss 4, p 045027 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/2632-2153/ae1656","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/ae1656","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200687","display_name":"Machine Learning Science and Technology","issn_l":"2632-2153","issn":["2632-2153"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning: Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1048508787","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2023-00257994","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2045430211","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2560309622","https://openalex.org/W2562234976","https://openalex.org/W2624211799","https://openalex.org/W2790477006","https://openalex.org/W2901312569","https://openalex.org/W2903328350","https://openalex.org/W2951211905","https://openalex.org/W2980446414","https://openalex.org/W3020092008","https://openalex.org/W3093423793","https://openalex.org/W3139047592","https://openalex.org/W3192227636","https://openalex.org/W4211076365","https://openalex.org/W4213212652","https://openalex.org/W4220747861","https://openalex.org/W4282596355","https://openalex.org/W4283118919","https://openalex.org/W4292290851","https://openalex.org/W4309349667","https://openalex.org/W4323572379","https://openalex.org/W4366256817","https://openalex.org/W4385383242","https://openalex.org/W4386121018","https://openalex.org/W4387423731"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Image":[1],"denoising":[2,145],"is":[3],"essential":[4],"for":[5],"removing":[6],"noise":[7],"in":[8,38,144,153,162],"images":[9],"caused":[10],"by":[11,66,149,184],"electric":[12],"device":[13],"malfunctions":[14],"or":[15],"other":[16,181],"factors":[17],"during":[18],"image":[19,26,39],"acquisition.":[20],"It":[21],"ensures":[22],"the":[23,56,90,93,146],"preservation":[24],"of":[25,92,155,166],"quality":[27],"and":[28,108,130,173],"accurate":[29],"interpretation.":[30],"Many":[31],"convolutional":[32,58,64],"autoencoder":[33,59],"algorithms":[34],"have":[35,48],"proven":[36],"effective":[37,104],"denoising.":[40],"Owing":[41],"to":[42,97,151],"their":[43,68],"promising":[44],"efficiency,":[45,87],"quantum":[46,57,73,78,114],"computers":[47],"gained":[49],"popularity.":[50],"This":[51],"paper":[52],"proposes":[53],"a":[54,72,77,131],"method,":[55],"(QCAE),":[60],"which":[61],"enhances":[62],"traditional":[63],"autoencoders":[65],"replacing":[67],"latent":[69],"space":[70],"with":[71],"counterpart":[74,123,143],"implemented":[75],"via":[76],"approximate":[79],"optimization":[80],"algorithm":[81],"(QAOA)-inspired":[82],"ansatz":[83],"circuit.":[84],"To":[85],"enhance":[86],"we":[88],"leveraged":[89],"advantages":[91],"QAOA-incorporated":[94],"parameter-shift":[95],"rule":[96],"identify":[98],"an":[99,112],"optimized":[100],"cost":[101],"function,":[102],"facilitating":[103],"learning":[105],"from":[106],"data":[107],"gradient":[109],"computation":[110],"on":[111,186],"actual":[113],"computer.":[115],"The":[116],"proposed":[117],"QCAE":[118,138],"method":[119],"outperformed":[120,140,180],"its":[121,141,159],"classical":[122,142],"as":[124],"it":[125],"exhibited":[126],"lower":[127],"training":[128],"loss":[129],"higher":[132],"structural":[133],"similarity":[134],"index":[135],"(SSIM)":[136],"value.":[137],"also":[139],"MNIST":[147],"dataset":[148],"up":[150],"40%":[152],"terms":[154],"SSIM":[156],"value,":[157],"confirming":[158],"enhanced":[160],"capabilities":[161],"real-world":[163],"applications.":[164],"Evaluation":[165],"QAOA":[167],"performance":[168],"across":[169],"different":[170],"circuit":[171,182],"configurations":[172],"layer":[174],"variations":[175],"showed":[176],"that":[177],"our":[178],"technique":[179],"designs":[183],"25%":[185],"average.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-17T08:01:34.144755","created_date":"2025-10-24T00:00:00"}