{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405032453","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/adf0c1","title":"Training multi-layer binary neural networks with random local binary error signals","display_name":"Training multi-layer binary neural networks with random local binary error signals","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405032453","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/adf0c1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/2632-2153/adf0c1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/adf0c1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200687","display_name":"Machine Learning Science and Technology","issn_l":"2632-2153","issn":["2632-2153"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning: Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/adf0c1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102789002","display_name":"Luca Colombo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1986-6459"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Colombo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1986-6459","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035460406","display_name":"Fabrizio Pittorino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1919-6141"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabrizio Pittorino","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1919-6141","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035547226","display_name":"Manuel Roveri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7828-7687"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manuel Roveri","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7828-7687","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1962},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1962},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0007314,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"3","first_page":"035015","last_page":"035015"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.982200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.982200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.749086856842041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.609444260597229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.6083186864852905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.6054826378822327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5423283576965332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4849834442138672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.41550299525260925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21289736032485962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.10733819007873535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.07277047634124756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.06752458214759827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.05515861511230469}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.749086856842041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.609444260597229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.6083186864852905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.6054826378822327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5423283576965332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4849834442138672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.41550299525260925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21289736032485962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.10733819007873535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.07277047634124756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.06752458214759827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.05515861511230469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1088/2632-2153/adf0c1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/adf0c1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200687","display_name":"Machine Learning Science and Technology","issn_l":"2632-2153","issn":["2632-2153"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning: Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2412.00119","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2412.00119","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2412.00119","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e9ec2a9d802645b890444184f72048f4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e9ec2a9d802645b890444184f72048f4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning: Science and Technology, Vol 6, Iss 3, p 035015 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:re.public.polimi.it:11311/1295905","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11311/1295905","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400312","display_name":"Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","host_organization_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2412.00119","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2412.00119","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/2632-2153/adf0c1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/adf0c1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200687","display_name":"Machine Learning Science and Technology","issn_l":"2632-2153","issn":["2632-2153"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning: Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967364564","https://openalex.org/W2021937730","https://openalex.org/W2022042913","https://openalex.org/W2036759514","https://openalex.org/W2085138324","https://openalex.org/W2107433900","https://openalex.org/W2129386380","https://openalex.org/W2130459697","https://openalex.org/W2211979669","https://openalex.org/W2322422589","https://openalex.org/W2528210136","https://openalex.org/W2552737632","https://openalex.org/W2560647685","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2803549871","https://openalex.org/W2964319207","https://openalex.org/W2972343638","https://openalex.org/W2998438489","https://openalex.org/W3008250732","https://openalex.org/W3008515144","https://openalex.org/W3019321633","https://openalex.org/W3121174466","https://openalex.org/W3140686576","https://openalex.org/W3185176958","https://openalex.org/W3208681360","https://openalex.org/W4233996382","https://openalex.org/W4285792693","https://openalex.org/W4286906772","https://openalex.org/W4289527764","https://openalex.org/W4293261943","https://openalex.org/W4304481407","https://openalex.org/W4312383953","https://openalex.org/W4383875757","https://openalex.org/W4387344527","https://openalex.org/W4388855155","https://openalex.org/W4389130403","https://openalex.org/W4402754203","https://openalex.org/W4404173140"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W230091440","https://openalex.org/W2233261550","https://openalex.org/W2810751659","https://openalex.org/W258997015","https://openalex.org/W2997094352","https://openalex.org/W3216976533","https://openalex.org/W100620283","https://openalex.org/W2495260952","https://openalex.org/W4366179611","https://openalex.org/W2996078371"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Binary":[1],"neural":[2],"networks":[3],"(BNNs)":[4],"significantly":[5],"reduce":[6],"computational":[7,172],"complexity":[8],"and":[9,14,20,65,89,124],"memory":[10,167],"usage":[11],"in":[12,181],"machine":[13],"deep":[15],"learning":[16],"by":[17,119,159,174],"representing":[18],"weights":[19,96],"activations":[21],"with":[22],"just":[23],"one":[24],"bit.":[25],"However,":[26],"most":[27],"existing":[28,144],"training":[29,67,114],"algorithms":[30],"for":[31,58,69,75],"BNNs":[32],"rely":[33],"on":[34,84,129],"quantization-aware":[35],"floating-point":[36,77],"stochastic":[37],"gradient":[38],"descent":[39],"(SGD),":[40],"limiting":[41],"the":[42,49,59,73,80,113,142,164,184,197],"full":[43],"exploitation":[44],"of":[45,115,137,179,183,187],"binary":[46,64,86,90,116,146],"operations":[47],"to":[48,139,151,161,176,196],"inference":[50],"phase":[51],"only.":[52],"In":[53],"this":[54],"work,":[55],"we":[56],"propose,":[57],"first":[60],"time,":[61],"a":[62,100,201],"fully":[63,145],"gradient-free":[66],"algorithm":[68,82,192],"multi-layer":[70,117],"BNNs,":[71],"eliminating":[72],"need":[74],"back-propagated":[76],"gradients.":[78],"Specifically,":[79],"proposed":[81,110,191],"relies":[83],"local":[85],"error":[87],"signals":[88],"weight":[91],"updates,":[92],"employing":[93],"integer-valued":[94],"hidden":[95],"that":[97],"serve":[98],"as":[99,200],"synaptic":[101],"metaplasticity":[102],"mechanism,":[103],"thereby":[104],"enhancing":[105],"its":[106],"neurobiological":[107],"plausibility.":[108],"Our":[109],"solution":[111,155],"enables":[112],"perceptrons":[118],"using":[120],"exclusively":[121],"XNOR,":[122],"Popcount,":[123],"increment/decrement":[125],"operations.":[126],"Experimental":[127],"results":[128],"multi-class":[130],"classification":[131],"benchmarks":[132],"show":[133],"test":[134,157],"accuracy":[135,158],"improvements":[136],"up":[138,160],"+35.47%":[140],"over":[141],"only":[143],"single-layer":[147],"state-of-the-art":[148],"solution.":[149],"Compared":[150],"full-precision":[152],"SGD,":[153],"our":[154],"improves":[156],"+35.30%":[162],"under":[163],"same":[165],"total":[166,185],"demand,":[168],"while":[169],"also":[170],"reducing":[171],"cost":[173],"two":[175],"three":[177],"orders":[178],"magnitude":[180],"terms":[182],"number":[186],"Boolean":[188],"gates.":[189],"The":[190],"is":[193],"made":[194],"available":[195],"scientific":[198],"community":[199],"public":[202],"repository.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2024-12-05T00:00:00"}