{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388190700","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/ad0798","title":"Interpretable surrogate models to approximate the predictions of convolutional neural networks in glaucoma diagnosis","display_name":"Interpretable surrogate models to approximate the predictions of convolutional neural networks in glaucoma diagnosis","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388190700","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/ad0798"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/2632-2153/ad0798","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/ad0798","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2632-2153/ad0798/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200687","display_name":"Machine Learning Science and Technology","issn_l":"2632-2153","issn":["2632-2153"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning: Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2632-2153/ad0798/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003206839","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Sigut","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3309-5953"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158438070","display_name":"Universidad de La Laguna","ror":"https://ror.org/01r9z8p25","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158438070"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jose Sigut","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Universidad de La Laguna, Camino San Francisco de Paula, 19, La Laguna 38203, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Universidad de La Laguna, Camino San Francisco de Paula, 19, La Laguna 38203, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158438070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058994289","display_name":"Francisco Fumero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9806-2477"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158438070","display_name":"Universidad de La Laguna","ror":"https://ror.org/01r9z8p25","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158438070"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francisco Fumero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Universidad de La Laguna, Camino San Francisco de Paula, 19, La Laguna 38203, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9806-2477","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Universidad de La Laguna, Camino San Francisco de Paula, 19, La Laguna 38203, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158438070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073379681","display_name":"Rafael Arnay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9074-0488"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158438070","display_name":"Universidad de La Laguna","ror":"https://ror.org/01r9z8p25","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158438070"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafael Arnay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Universidad de La Laguna, Camino San Francisco de Paula, 19, La Laguna 38203, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Universidad de La Laguna, Camino San Francisco de Paula, 19, La Laguna 38203, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158438070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023567258","display_name":"J.I. Est\u00e9vez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7452-2958"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158438070","display_name":"Universidad de La Laguna","ror":"https://ror.org/01r9z8p25","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158438070"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 Est\u00e9vez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Universidad de La Laguna, Camino San Francisco de Paula, 19, La Laguna 38203, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7452-2958","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Universidad de La Laguna, Camino San Francisco de Paula, 19, La Laguna 38203, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158438070"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053224287","display_name":"Tinguaro D\u00edaz-Alem\u00e1n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4579-0555"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800401438","display_name":"Hospital Universitario de Canarias","ror":"https://ror.org/05qndj312","country_code":"ES","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800401438"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tinguaro D\u00edaz-Alem\u00e1n","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Carretera Ofra S/N, La Laguna 38320, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Carretera Ofra S/N, La Laguna 38320, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800401438"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003206839"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158438070"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1962},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1962},"fwci":2.4947,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89759764,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"4","first_page":"045024","last_page":"045024"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7948006987571716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.79062819480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.7333632707595825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7081932425498962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5421572327613831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4917280972003937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.47608911991119385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.46868446469306946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.4558585286140442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glaucoma","display_name":"Glaucoma","score":0.43171966075897217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4308859705924988}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7948006987571716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.79062819480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.7333632707595825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7081932425498962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5421572327613831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4917280972003937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.47608911991119385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.46868446469306946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.4558585286140442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778527774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159701","display_name":"Glaucoma","level":2,"score":0.43171966075897217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4308859705924988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1088/2632-2153/ad0798","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/ad0798","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2632-2153/ad0798/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200687","display_name":"Machine Learning Science and Technology","issn_l":"2632-2153","issn":["2632-2153"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning: Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e1abd2f2f9a1422196949c89883fe4b4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e1abd2f2f9a1422196949c89883fe4b4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning: Science and Technology, Vol 4, Iss 4, p 045024 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/2632-2153/ad0798","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/ad0798","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2632-2153/ad0798/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200687","display_name":"Machine Learning Science and Technology","issn_l":"2632-2153","issn":["2632-2153"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning: Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315877","display_name":"Universidad de La Laguna","ror":"https://ror.org/01r9z8p25"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388190700.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W124846556","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1972443523","https://openalex.org/W2062183315","https://openalex.org/W2101807845","https://openalex.org/W2134598164","https://openalex.org/W2160605010","https://openalex.org/W2169532347","https://openalex.org/W2169961704","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2189051548","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2516809705","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2886438696","https://openalex.org/W2908790290","https://openalex.org/W2944284561","https://openalex.org/W2945976633","https://openalex.org/W2955140209","https://openalex.org/W2955748575","https://openalex.org/W2958089299","https://openalex.org/W2962851944","https://openalex.org/W2966218717","https://openalex.org/W2972638721","https://openalex.org/W2979448322","https://openalex.org/W3026610395","https://openalex.org/W3108542203","https://openalex.org/W3116912812","https://openalex.org/W3120021191","https://openalex.org/W3125402222","https://openalex.org/W3133595182","https://openalex.org/W3134532441","https://openalex.org/W3138645122","https://openalex.org/W3157563419","https://openalex.org/W3167452741","https://openalex.org/W3169686285","https://openalex.org/W3179945317","https://openalex.org/W3183198896","https://openalex.org/W3192023667","https://openalex.org/W3201437744","https://openalex.org/W3202023533","https://openalex.org/W3214141958","https://openalex.org/W4200584648","https://openalex.org/W4221083233","https://openalex.org/W4283519547","https://openalex.org/W4285245474","https://openalex.org/W4287759383","https://openalex.org/W4288287263","https://openalex.org/W4292089184","https://openalex.org/W4304083970","https://openalex.org/W4309023041","https://openalex.org/W4322745652","https://openalex.org/W4322749655","https://openalex.org/W6605063623","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6639204139","https://openalex.org/W6675720598","https://openalex.org/W6684811754","https://openalex.org/W6685133223","https://openalex.org/W6686164453","https://openalex.org/W6687197975","https://openalex.org/W6687483927","https://openalex.org/W6726258750","https://openalex.org/W6728184133","https://openalex.org/W6767771879","https://openalex.org/W6777979962","https://openalex.org/W6779483039","https://openalex.org/W6804992193","https://openalex.org/W6840226825"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2070104888","https://openalex.org/W2082087664","https://openalex.org/W2068608913","https://openalex.org/W4389542577","https://openalex.org/W2885840481","https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W4285351923","https://openalex.org/W4205257730","https://openalex.org/W3047257194","https://openalex.org/W3156453916"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Deep":[1],"learning":[2],"systems,":[3],"especially":[4],"in":[5,48,55,196],"critical":[6],"fields":[7],"like":[8],"medicine,":[9],"suffer":[10],"from":[11,255],"a":[12,112,211,225,241,259,286],"significant":[13],"drawback,":[14],"their":[15,26,124],"black":[16],"box":[17],"nature,":[18],"which":[19],"lacks":[20],"mechanisms":[21],"for":[22,41,134,137,177,283],"explaining":[23],"or":[24],"interpreting":[25,42],"decisions.":[27],"In":[28],"this":[29,275],"regard,":[30],"our":[31,271],"research":[32],"aims":[33],"to":[34,123,188,198,229,246],"evaluate":[35],"the":[36,59,69,79,97,106,162,199,216,233,238,279],"use":[37],"of":[38,78,92,96,146,152,164,240],"surrogate":[39,120,208],"models":[40,121,209],"convolutional":[43],"neural":[44,165,256],"network":[45],"(CNN)":[46],"decisions":[47],"glaucoma":[49],"diagnosis.":[50],"Our":[51],"approach":[52,276],"is":[53,258],"novel":[54],"that":[56,156,235,247],"we":[57,236,273],"approximate":[58,161],"original":[60,94],"model":[61],"with":[62,74,89,143,172],"an":[63],"interpretable":[64,227],"one":[65],"and":[66,83,101,108,126,149,181,190],"also":[67],"change":[68],"input":[70],"features,":[71],"replacing":[72],"pixels":[73],"tabular":[75],"geometric":[76],"features":[77],"optic":[80,98],"disc,":[81],"cup,":[82],"neuroretinal":[84],"rim.":[85],"We":[86],"trained":[87,167,206,214],"CNNs":[88],"two":[90],"types":[91],"images:":[93],"images":[95,103,136,145,151],"nerve":[99],"head":[100],"simplified":[102,169],"showing":[104],"only":[105],"disc":[107],"cup":[109],"contours":[110],"on":[111,168,215,270],"uniform":[113],"background.":[114],"Decision":[115,221],"trees":[116,158,205,222,251,264],"were":[117,132],"used":[118],"as":[119,207,285],"due":[122],"simplicity":[125],"visualization":[127],"properties,":[128],"while":[129],"saliency":[130,230],"maps":[131,185],"calculated":[133],"some":[135,203],"comparison.":[138],"The":[139],"experiments":[140],"carried":[141],"out":[142],"1271":[144],"healthy":[147],"subjects":[148],"721":[150],"glaucomatous":[153],"eyes":[154],"demonstrate":[155],"decision":[157,200,204,212,242,250,263],"can":[159],"closely":[160],"predictions":[163],"networks":[166,257],"contour":[170],"images,":[171],"R-squared":[173],"values":[174],"near":[175],"0.9":[176],"VGG19,":[178],"Resnet50,":[179],"InceptionV3":[180],"Xception":[182],"architectures.":[183],"Saliency":[184],"proved":[186],"difficult":[187],"interpret":[189],"showed":[191],"inconsistent":[192],"results":[193],"across":[194],"architectures,":[195],"contrast":[197],"trees.":[201],"Additionally,":[202],"outperformed":[210],"tree":[213,243],"actual":[217],"outcomes":[218],"without":[219,244],"surrogation.":[220],"may":[223],"be":[224,278],"more":[226],"alternative":[228],"methods.":[231],"Moreover,":[232],"fact":[234],"matched":[237],"performance":[239],"surrogation":[245],"obtained":[248],"by":[249],"using":[252],"knowledge":[253],"distillation":[254],"great":[260],"advantage":[261],"since":[262],"are":[265],"inherently":[266],"interpretable.":[267],"Therefore,":[268],"based":[269],"findings,":[272],"think":[274],"would":[277],"most":[280],"recommendable":[281],"choice":[282],"specialists":[284],"diagnostic":[287],"tool.":[288]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}