{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4376602203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/acd5aa","title":"Importance nested sampling with normalising flows","display_name":"Importance nested sampling with normalising flows","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4376602203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/acd5aa"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/2632-2153/acd5aa","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/acd5aa","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2632-2153/acd5aa/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200687","display_name":"Machine Learning Science and Technology","issn_l":"2632-2153","issn":["2632-2153"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning: Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2632-2153/acd5aa/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103079292","display_name":"M. J. Williams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2198-2974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael J Williams","raw_affiliation_strings":["SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2198-2974","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107483970","display_name":"J. Veitch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6508-0713"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Veitch","raw_affiliation_strings":["SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6508-0713","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060693842","display_name":"C. Messenger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7488-5022"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chris Messenger","raw_affiliation_strings":["SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7488-5022","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103079292"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1962},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1962},"fwci":6.5565,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97506366,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"3","first_page":"035011","last_page":"035011"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10463","display_name":"Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10463","display_name":"Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10744","display_name":"Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11323","display_name":"Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5447538495063782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.5310848951339722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.5093280076980591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/independent-and-identically-distributed-random-variables","display_name":"Independent and identically distributed random variables","score":0.41417717933654785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.39803028106689453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.3910338878631592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-mathematics","display_name":"Applied mathematics","score":0.3801511228084564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-variable","display_name":"Random variable","score":0.1267729103565216}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5447538495063782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.5310848951339722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5093280076980591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141513077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378542","display_name":"Independent and identically distributed random variables","level":3,"score":0.41417717933654785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39803028106689453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3910338878631592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.3801511228084564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122123141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176623","display_name":"Random variable","level":2,"score":0.1267729103565216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1088/2632-2153/acd5aa","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/acd5aa","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2632-2153/acd5aa/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200687","display_name":"Machine Learning Science and Technology","issn_l":"2632-2153","issn":["2632-2153"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning: Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:298612","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/298612/2/298612.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Articles"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3dc92412327446e4869d4251850ca30c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3dc92412327446e4869d4251850ca30c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning: Science and Technology, Vol 4, Iss 3, p 035011 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/2632-2153/acd5aa","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/acd5aa","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2632-2153/acd5aa/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200687","display_name":"Machine Learning Science and Technology","issn_l":"2632-2153","issn":["2632-2153"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning: Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231078981","display_name":"The Operation and Maintenance of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO)","funder_award_id":"0757058","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1542045087","display_name":"UK Involvement in the Operation of Advanced LIGO","funder_award_id":"ST/I006285/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334632","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Facilities Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2309359476","display_name":"The Construction of the Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (AdvLIGO)","funder_award_id":"0823459","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2426603318","display_name":"Accelerating gravitational wave astrophysics with machine learning","funder_award_id":"2285031","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334632","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Facilities Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3199253494","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ST/V005634/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334632","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Facilities Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3254221660","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PHY-0757058","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3825855354","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Gravitational Waves","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334632","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Facilities Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4655137926","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ST/I006285/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334632","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Facilities Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G528514929","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CA17137","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320366","funder_display_name":"European Cooperation in Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7542853735","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2285031","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334632","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Facilities Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7754984518","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PHY-0823459","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8911827822","display_name":"Investigations in Gravitational Radiation","funder_award_id":"ST/V005634/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334632","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Facilities Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320350","display_name":"Cardiff University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk7td41"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320366","display_name":"European Cooperation in Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01bstzn19"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334632","display_name":"Science and Technology Facilities Council","ror":"https://ror.org/057g20z61"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4376602203.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":98,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32980360","https://openalex.org/W299440670","https://openalex.org/W1134494461","https://openalex.org/W1541288193","https://openalex.org/W1583912456","https://openalex.org/W1886713477","https://openalex.org/W1959608418","https://openalex.org/W1974971448","https://openalex.org/W1990119892","https://openalex.org/W1994870116","https://openalex.org/W1996004845","https://openalex.org/W2011301426","https://openalex.org/W2026258334","https://openalex.org/W2031854222","https://openalex.org/W2037939815","https://openalex.org/W2069159633","https://openalex.org/W2092194717","https://openalex.org/W2099038477","https://openalex.org/W2105097175","https://openalex.org/W2146292423","https://openalex.org/W2181523240","https://openalex.org/W2214545089","https://openalex.org/W2225156818","https://openalex.org/W2342249984","https://openalex.org/W2343709646","https://openalex.org/W2413988422","https://openalex.org/W2607418782","https://openalex.org/W2790417170","https://openalex.org/W2899782607","https://openalex.org/W2923635089","https://openalex.org/W2931388211","https://openalex.org/W2944973599","https://openalex.org/W2959696098","https://openalex.org/W2963090522","https://openalex.org/W2963994917","https://openalex.org/W2973034339","https://openalex.org/W2975828310","https://openalex.org/W2992005611","https://openalex.org/W2999365684","https://openalex.org/W3003257820","https://openalex.org/W3003966848","https://openalex.org/W3006452559","https://openalex.org/W3019803136","https://openalex.org/W3031064176","https://openalex.org/W3031514878","https://openalex.org/W3033838231","https://openalex.org/W3087196548","https://openalex.org/W3094812309","https://openalex.org/W3096831136","https://openalex.org/W3105850678","https://openalex.org/W3110518066","https://openalex.org/W3121294540","https://openalex.org/W3123560198","https://openalex.org/W3123782013","https://openalex.org/W3129277585","https://openalex.org/W3132521674","https://openalex.org/W3132541752","https://openalex.org/W3138718440","https://openalex.org/W3145112245","https://openalex.org/W3150544090","https://openalex.org/W3150807214","https://openalex.org/W3166268148","https://openalex.org/W3168111221","https://openalex.org/W3176256066","https://openalex.org/W3190342835","https://openalex.org/W3209505183","https://openalex.org/W3209575515","https://openalex.org/W4205334708","https://openalex.org/W4234856688","https://openalex.org/W4237344571","https://openalex.org/W4287115514","https://openalex.org/W4292155219","https://openalex.org/W4293312513","https://openalex.org/W4294619442","https://openalex.org/W4295312788","https://openalex.org/W4297798428","https://openalex.org/W4307082099","https://openalex.org/W6635084905","https://openalex.org/W6640963894","https://openalex.org/W6674824632","https://openalex.org/W6682234162","https://openalex.org/W6703928569","https://openalex.org/W6714644935","https://openalex.org/W6751066038","https://openalex.org/W6751477732","https://openalex.org/W6763486065","https://openalex.org/W6766978945","https://openalex.org/W6770847983","https://openalex.org/W6770970757","https://openalex.org/W6791352959","https://openalex.org/W6793249123","https://openalex.org/W6795019030","https://openalex.org/W6803267321","https://openalex.org/W6812728510","https://openalex.org/W6846560988","https://openalex.org/W6860706376","https://openalex.org/W6894011742","https://openalex.org/W6950475272"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2783398215","https://openalex.org/W1986868580","https://openalex.org/W3141958948","https://openalex.org/W2019714029","https://openalex.org/W2461615570","https://openalex.org/W2049353827","https://openalex.org/W2552050053","https://openalex.org/W2883361795","https://openalex.org/W2119158312","https://openalex.org/W2024456323"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"We":[1,81,88,112,141,165,192],"present":[2],"an":[3,197],"improved":[4],"version":[5],"of":[6,33,66,79,162,196],"the":[7,14,24,37,50,72,83,102,119,123,126,163],"nested":[8],"sampling":[9],"algorithm":[10,16,85],"nessai":[11,117,134,174,251,276],"in":[12,62,107,216],"which":[13],"core":[15],"is":[17,52,131,273],"modified":[18,25,84],"to":[19,41,49,59,74,109,115,169,189,237],"use":[20],"importance":[21],"weights.":[22],"In":[23],"algorithm,":[26],"samples":[27,40,58],"are":[28,105],"drawn":[29],"from":[30,150],"a":[31,67,206],"mixture":[32],"normalising":[34],"flows":[35],"and":[36,44,70,99,122,155,175,177,183,209,252,277],"requirement":[38],"for":[39,57,71,118,250,265],"be":[42,60,75],"independently":[43,65],"identically":[45],"distributed":[46],"(i.i.d.)":[47],"according":[48],"prior":[51],"relaxed.":[53],"Furthermore,":[54],"it":[55,158,214],"allows":[56],"added":[61],"any":[63],"order,":[64],"likelihood":[68,187,234],"constraint,":[69],"evidence":[73,103,139],"updated":[76],"with":[77,95,133,275],"batches":[78],"samples.":[80],"call":[82],"i-nessai":[86,91,114,130,144,180,195,272],".":[87,267],"first":[89],"validate":[90],"using":[92,172,205],"analytic":[93,120],"likelihoods":[94,121],"known":[96],"Bayesian":[97],"evidences":[98],"show":[100,128,156],"that":[101,129,157,179,271],"estimates":[104,161],"unbiased":[106,160],"up":[108],"32":[110],"dimensions.":[111],"compare":[113,166],"standard":[116,173],"Rosenbrock":[124],"likelihood,":[125],"results":[127,168,269],"consistent":[132,274],"whilst":[135,219,279],"producing":[136],"more":[137,282],"precise":[138],"estimates.":[140],"then":[142],"test":[143,194],"on":[145,212],"64":[146],"simulated":[147,200],"gravitational-wave":[148],"signals":[149],"binary":[151,201],"black":[152],"hole":[153],"coalescence":[154],"produces":[159],"parameters.":[164],"our":[167],"those":[170],"obtained":[171],"dynesty":[176,266,278],"find":[178,210],"requires":[181],"2.68":[182],"13.3":[184],"times":[185],"fewer":[186],"evaluations":[188,235],"converge,":[190],"respectively.":[191],"also":[193,280],"80":[198],"s":[199],"neutron":[202],"star":[203],"signal":[204],"reduced-order-quadrature":[207],"basis":[208],"that,":[211],"average,":[213],"converges":[215],"24":[217],"min,":[218],"only":[220],"requiring":[221],"<mml:math":[222,238,253],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[223,239,254],"overflow=\"scroll\">":[224,240,255],"<mml:mn>1.01</mml:mn>":[225],"<mml:mo>\u00d7</mml:mo>":[226,242,257],"<mml:msup>":[227,243,258],"<mml:mn>10</mml:mn>":[228,244,259],"<mml:mrow>":[229,245,260],"<mml:mn>6</mml:mn>":[230,246],"</mml:mrow>":[231,247,262],"</mml:msup>":[232,248,263],"</mml:math>":[233,249,264],"compared":[236],"<mml:mn>1.42</mml:mn>":[241],"<mml:mn>4.30</mml:mn>":[256],"<mml:mn>7</mml:mn>":[261],"These":[268],"demonstrate":[270],"being":[281],"efficient.":[283]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}