{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200491675","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/ac44aa","title":"Explainable deep learning for the analysis of MHD spectrograms in nuclear fusion","display_name":"Explainable deep learning for the analysis of MHD spectrograms in nuclear fusion","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200491675","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/ac44aa"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/2632-2153/ac44aa","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/ac44aa","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200687","display_name":"Machine Learning Science and Technology","issn_l":"2632-2153","issn":["2632-2153"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning: Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/ac44aa","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056257612","display_name":"Diogo R. Ferreira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5818-9406"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121345201","display_name":"Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento","ror":"https://ror.org/04mqy3p58","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121345201","https://openalex.org/I4210125590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141596103","display_name":"University of Lisbon","ror":"https://ror.org/01c27hj86","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141596103"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Diogo R Ferreira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear (IPFN), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5818-9406","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear (IPFN), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121345201","https://openalex.org/I141596103"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055099839","display_name":"Tiago A. Martins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4328-1151"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121345201","display_name":"Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento","ror":"https://ror.org/04mqy3p58","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121345201","https://openalex.org/I4210125590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141596103","display_name":"University of Lisbon","ror":"https://ror.org/01c27hj86","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141596103"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiago A Martins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear (IPFN), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4328-1151","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear (IPFN), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121345201","https://openalex.org/I141596103"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086298072","display_name":"P. Rodrigues","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6189-6865"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121345201","display_name":"Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento","ror":"https://ror.org/04mqy3p58","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121345201","https://openalex.org/I4210125590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141596103","display_name":"University of Lisbon","ror":"https://ror.org/01c27hj86","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141596103"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paulo Rodrigues","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear (IPFN), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6189-6865","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear (IPFN), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121345201","https://openalex.org/I141596103"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056257612"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121345201","https://openalex.org/I141596103"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1962},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1962},"fwci":1.698,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85185185,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"1","first_page":"015015","last_page":"015015"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12205","display_name":"Time Series Analysis and Forecasting","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12205","display_name":"Time Series Analysis and Forecasting","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9787999987602234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11326","display_name":"Stock Market Forecasting Methods","score":0.9472000002861023,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrogram","display_name":"Spectrogram","score":0.962289571762085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetohydrodynamic-drive","display_name":"Magnetohydrodynamic drive","score":0.770220160484314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetohydrodynamics","display_name":"Magnetohydrodynamics","score":0.6672590374946594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oscillation","display_name":"Oscillation (cell signaling)","score":0.5899373888969421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mode","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","score":0.5789269208908081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.5784735083580017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plasma","display_name":"Plasma","score":0.5239524841308594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.48954829573631287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-fusion","display_name":"Nuclear fusion","score":0.4679889380931854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.4504474401473999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3836933970451355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.35396820306777954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3517630398273468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-physics","display_name":"Computational physics","score":0.34169983863830566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atomic-physics","display_name":"Atomic physics","score":0.1185583770275116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-physics","display_name":"Nuclear physics","score":0.11232233047485352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.08784425258636475}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45273575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578970","display_name":"Spectrogram","level":2,"score":0.962289571762085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42471609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779048","display_name":"Magnetohydrodynamic drive","level":4,"score":0.770220160484314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31532427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2549249","display_name":"Magnetohydrodynamics","level":3,"score":0.6672590374946594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778439541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7106412","display_name":"Oscillation (cell signaling)","level":2,"score":0.5899373888969421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.5789269208908081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.5784735083580017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82706917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10251","display_name":"Plasma","level":2,"score":0.5239524841308594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.48954829573631287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69285833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13082","display_name":"Nuclear fusion","level":2,"score":0.4679889380931854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.4504474401473999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3836933970451355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35396820306777954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3517630398273468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.34169983863830566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184779094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26383","display_name":"Atomic physics","level":1,"score":0.1185583770275116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.11232233047485352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.08784425258636475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1088/2632-2153/ac44aa","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/ac44aa","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200687","display_name":"Machine Learning Science and Technology","issn_l":"2632-2153","issn":["2632-2153"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning: Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/2632-2153/ac44aa","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/ac44aa","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200687","display_name":"Machine Learning Science and Technology","issn_l":"2632-2153","issn":["2632-2153"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning: Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5201591515","display_name":"Institute for Plasmas and Nuclear Fusion","funder_award_id":"UIDB/50010/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G858011915","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"633053","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334323","funder_display_name":"Euratom Research and Training Programme"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334323","display_name":"Euratom Research and Training Programme","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/00snfqn58"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1985598508","https://openalex.org/W1995336912","https://openalex.org/W1998210525","https://openalex.org/W2013993705","https://openalex.org/W2052883527","https://openalex.org/W2073974331","https://openalex.org/W2155653793","https://openalex.org/W2161106352","https://openalex.org/W2284566091","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2436467738","https://openalex.org/W2792854582","https://openalex.org/W2903251989","https://openalex.org/W2940604000","https://openalex.org/W2984552775","https://openalex.org/W2999309192","https://openalex.org/W3109083352","https://openalex.org/W3115396443","https://openalex.org/W3135222691","https://openalex.org/W6638444622","https://openalex.org/W6697443983","https://openalex.org/W6749352617"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2183656169","https://openalex.org/W3041723097","https://openalex.org/W2936488316","https://openalex.org/W1993803225","https://openalex.org/W2030079375","https://openalex.org/W2074091102","https://openalex.org/W2141284589","https://openalex.org/W2527248836","https://openalex.org/W2184454773","https://openalex.org/W2028629786"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"In":[1,85,102],"the":[2,13,26,32,42,46,50,64,76,94,116,120,126,135,142,146,150],"nuclear":[3],"fusion":[4,37],"community,":[5],"there":[6],"are":[7],"many":[8],"specialized":[9],"techniques":[10,24],"to":[11,30,44,53,59,92,114],"analyze":[12,31],"data":[14],"coming":[15],"from":[16,99],"a":[17,82,106],"variety":[18],"of":[19,22,28,36,49,63,67,96,145],"diagnostics.":[20],"One":[21,62],"such":[23],"is":[25,123],"use":[27,89,105],"spectrograms":[29],"magnetohydrodynamic":[33],"(MHD)":[34],"behavior":[35,118,147],"plasmas.":[38],"Physicists":[39],"look":[40],"at":[41],"spectrogram":[43],"identify":[45],"oscillation":[47,72],"modes":[48,98],"plasma,":[51],"and":[52,80],"study":[54],"instabilities":[55],"that":[56,119],"may":[57],"lead":[58],"plasma":[60],"disruptions.":[61],"major":[65],"causes":[66],"disruptions":[68],"occurs":[69],"when":[70],"an":[71],"mode":[73],"interacts":[74],"with":[75,110,141],"wall,":[77],"stops":[78],"rotating,":[79],"becomes":[81],"locked":[83,97,127],"mode.":[84,128],"this":[86],"work,":[87],"we":[88,104,130],"deep":[90],"learning":[91],"predict":[93],"occurrence":[95],"MHD":[100],"spectrograms.":[101],"particular,":[103],"convolutional":[107],"neural":[108],"network":[109],"class":[111],"activation":[112],"mapping":[113],"pinpoint":[115],"exact":[117],"model":[121,136],"thinks":[122],"responsible":[124],"for":[125],"Surprisingly,":[129],"find":[131],"that,":[132],"in":[133,149],"general,":[134],"explanation":[137],"agrees":[138],"quite":[139],"well":[140],"physical":[143],"interpretation":[144],"observed":[148],"spectrogram.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
