{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3084412168","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/abb6d5","title":"Improving proton dose calculation accuracy by using deep learning","display_name":"Improving proton dose calculation accuracy by using deep learning","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3084412168","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/abb6d5","mag":"3084412168","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35965743"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/2632-2153/abb6d5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/abb6d5","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2632-2153/abb6d5/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200687","display_name":"Machine Learning Science and Technology","issn_l":"2632-2153","issn":["2632-2153"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning: Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2632-2153/abb6d5/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100724622","display_name":"Chao Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4988-6255"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123885","display_name":"Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/02w6gr951","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210123885"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I867280407","display_name":"The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05byvp690","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I867280407"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Artificial Intelligence and Automation (MAIA) Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America","Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4988-6255","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Artificial Intelligence and Automation (MAIA) Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I867280407"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123885","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081307285","display_name":"Dan Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9590-0655"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I867280407","display_name":"The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05byvp690","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I867280407"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Artificial Intelligence and Automation (MAIA) Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9590-0655","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Artificial Intelligence and Automation (MAIA) Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I867280407"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025742143","display_name":"Yixun Xing","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I867280407","display_name":"The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05byvp690","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I867280407"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yixun Xing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Artificial Intelligence and Automation (MAIA) Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Artificial Intelligence and Automation (MAIA) Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I867280407"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067543710","display_name":"Ana Mar\u00eda Barrag\u00e1n Montero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9485-3076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ana Barragan Montero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Molecular Imaging Radiation Oncology (MIRO) Laboratory, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Molecular Imaging Radiation Oncology (MIRO) Laboratory, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023199362","display_name":"Jan Schuemann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7554-8818"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087915","display_name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/002pd6e78","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan Schuemann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7554-8818","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074307997","display_name":"Haijiao Shang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3977-1737"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123885","display_name":"Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/02w6gr951","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210123885"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haijiao Shang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123885","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109425053","display_name":"Yuehu Pu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3339-973X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123885","display_name":"Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/02w6gr951","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210123885"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuehu Pu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123885","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018120191","display_name":"Steve Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3083-6752"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I867280407","display_name":"The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05byvp690","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I867280407"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Steve Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Artificial Intelligence and Automation (MAIA) Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Artificial Intelligence and Automation (MAIA) Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I867280407"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018120191"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I867280407"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1962},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1962},"fwci":2.4664,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91608056,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"1","first_page":"015017","last_page":"015017"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11176","display_name":"Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry","score":0.7376000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11176","display_name":"Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry","score":0.7376000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10358","display_name":"Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques","score":0.24390000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10124","display_name":"Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.008100000210106373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proton-therapy","display_name":"Proton therapy","score":0.5838984251022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.5775833129882812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5694229006767273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-medicine","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","score":0.4969070255756378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/head-and-neck","display_name":"Head and neck","score":0.49557292461395264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.4533036947250366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43207064270973206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4263169467449188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.42491644620895386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proton","display_name":"Proton","score":0.38087162375450134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3263154625892639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.24792444705963135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.20025280117988586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1286405324935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.10612347722053528}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779244869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507667","display_name":"Proton therapy","level":3,"score":0.5838984251022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.5775833129882812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5694229006767273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","level":1,"score":0.4969070255756378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018411727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3867488","display_name":"Head and neck","level":2,"score":0.49557292461395264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.4533036947250366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43207064270973206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4263169467449188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.42491644620895386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54516573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294","display_name":"Proton","level":2,"score":0.38087162375450134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3263154625892639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24792444705963135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.20025280117988586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1286405324935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10612347722053528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1088/2632-2153/abb6d5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/abb6d5","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2632-2153/abb6d5/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200687","display_name":"Machine Learning Science and Technology","issn_l":"2632-2153","issn":["2632-2153"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning: Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35965743","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35965743","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine learning: science and technology","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9374098","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9374098","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mach Learn Sci Technol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dial.uclouvain.be:boreal:254183","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/254183","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401974","display_name":"DIAL (Catholic University of Leuven)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","host_organization_name":"KU Leuven","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning: Science and Technology, Vol. 2, no.1, p. 015017 (2021)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:de95c3e2e77440d5aed069f95717b84b","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/de95c3e2e77440d5aed069f95717b84b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning: Science and Technology, Vol 2, Iss 1, p 015017 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/2632-2153/abb6d5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/abb6d5","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2632-2153/abb6d5/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200687","display_name":"Machine Learning Science and Technology","issn_l":"2632-2153","issn":["2632-2153"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning: Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6600000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3400331400","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01CA237269","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8052731912","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01 CA237269","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3084412168.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3084412168.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1413894520","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1545614345","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1994053519","https://openalex.org/W1999189079","https://openalex.org/W2005348841","https://openalex.org/W2015290878","https://openalex.org/W2019719802","https://openalex.org/W2022985124","https://openalex.org/W2029148316","https://openalex.org/W2030544564","https://openalex.org/W2035837859","https://openalex.org/W2066867546","https://openalex.org/W2071632269","https://openalex.org/W2093338140","https://openalex.org/W2128158076","https://openalex.org/W2145700610","https://openalex.org/W2200392454","https://openalex.org/W2271840356","https://openalex.org/W2298441161","https://openalex.org/W2512719816","https://openalex.org/W2529097949","https://openalex.org/W2583373195","https://openalex.org/W2625610786","https://openalex.org/W2740406916","https://openalex.org/W2787348589","https://openalex.org/W2801204250","https://openalex.org/W2804847842","https://openalex.org/W2895945500","https://openalex.org/W2898515460","https://openalex.org/W2898757811","https://openalex.org/W2900148384","https://openalex.org/W2901140640","https://openalex.org/W2902472343","https://openalex.org/W2903413206","https://openalex.org/W2904732647","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2986803156","https://openalex.org/W2993953981","https://openalex.org/W3101083558","https://openalex.org/W3102799385","https://openalex.org/W3105594088","https://openalex.org/W3124937987","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6659612760","https://openalex.org/W6694517276"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981780420","https://openalex.org/W2182707996","https://openalex.org/W45233828","https://openalex.org/W2964988449","https://openalex.org/W2397952901","https://openalex.org/W2029380707","https://openalex.org/W188202134","https://openalex.org/W3025724153","https://openalex.org/W2901288344","https://openalex.org/W3011224823"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction:":[0],"Pencil":[1],"beam":[2,146],"(PB)":[3],"dose":[4,21,52,59,63,66,78,141,170,190,226,248],"calculation":[5,22,53,249],"is":[6,23,30],"fast":[7],"but":[8,28],"inaccurate":[9],"due":[10],"to":[11,39,54,64,84,104,120,208,227,238,246],"the":[12,24,48,55,76,86,109,129,140,150,165,168,222,239],"approximations":[13],"when":[14],"dealing":[15],"with":[16],"inhomogeneities.":[17],"Monte":[18],"Carlo":[19],"(MC)":[20],"most":[25],"accurate":[26],"method":[27],"it":[29],"time":[31,192],"consuming.":[32],"The":[33,72,158,188,202,232],"aim":[34],"of":[35,50,57,124,143,224,229,242],"this":[36],"study":[37],"was":[38,171,197],"develop":[40],"a":[41,194],"deep":[42,216],"learning":[43],"model":[44,74,130,204,234],"that":[45,228],"can":[46,205,219,235],"boost":[47,221],"accuracy":[49,223],"PB":[51,62,77,225],"level":[56],"MC":[58,65,87,169,230],"by":[60],"converting":[61],"for":[67,153,177,193],"different":[68],"tumor":[69,113,135,156],"sites.":[70,157],"Methods:":[71],"proposed":[73],"uses":[75],"and":[79,95,101,107,138,167,175,179,183],"CT":[80],"image":[81],"as":[82,147],"inputs":[83],"generate":[85],"dose.":[88,231],"We":[89],"used":[90],"290":[91],"patients":[92],"(90":[93],"head":[94,178],"neck,":[96,180],"93":[97],"liver,":[98,181],"75":[99],"prostate":[100,184],"32":[102],"lung)":[103],"train,":[105],"validate,":[106],"test":[108,185],"model.":[110],"For":[111],"each":[112,144],"site,":[114],"we":[115],"performed":[116],"four":[117,155],"numerical":[118],"experiments":[119],"explore":[121],"various":[122],"combinations":[123],"training":[125],"datasets.":[126],"Results:":[127],"Training":[128],"on":[131],"data":[132],"from":[133],"all":[134,154],"sites":[136],"together":[137],"using":[139],"distribution":[142],"individual":[145],"input":[148],"yielded":[149],"best":[151],"performance":[152],"average":[159,189],"gamma":[160],"passing":[161],"rate":[162],"(1mm/1%)":[163],"between":[164],"converted":[166],"92.8%,":[172],"92.7%,":[173],"89.7%":[174],"99.6%":[176],"lung,":[182],"patients,":[186],"respectively.":[187],"conversion":[191],"single":[195],"field":[196],"less":[198],"than":[199],"4":[200],"seconds.":[201],"trained":[203],"be":[206,236],"adapted":[207],"new":[209],"datasets":[210],"through":[211],"transfer":[212],"learning.":[213],"Conclusions:":[214],"Our":[215],"learning-based":[217],"approach":[218],"quickly":[220],"developed":[233],"added":[237],"clinical":[240],"workflow":[241],"proton":[243],"treatment":[244],"planning":[245],"improve":[247],"accuracy.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T15:47:20.252518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}