{"id":"https://openalex.org/W16905354","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.1996.11518117","title":"User-Developed Applications: An Empirical Study of Application Quality and Developer Productivity","display_name":"User-Developed Applications: An Empirical Study of Application Quality and Developer Productivity","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W16905354","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.1996.11518117","mag":"16905354"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/07421222.1996.11518117","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.1996.11518117","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9954729","display_name":"Journal of Management Information Systems","issn_l":"0742-1222","issn":["0742-1222","1557-928X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Management Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071411752","display_name":"Dana Edberg","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dana T. Edberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["View further author information"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"View further author information","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029509371","display_name":"Brent J. Bowman","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brent J. Bowman","raw_affiliation_strings":["View further author information"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"View further author information","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071411752"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.2493,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":52,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95831647,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"1","first_page":"167","last_page":"185"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13197","display_name":"Spreadsheets and End-User Computing","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/productivity","display_name":"Productivity","score":0.8021870255470276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.736807107925415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6892949938774109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function-point","display_name":"Function point","score":0.6204136610031128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/end-user","display_name":"End user","score":0.5858401656150818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.5322268605232239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/end-user-computing","display_name":"End-user computing","score":0.5272017121315002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.519858181476593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.5131877064704895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.5029487013816833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4292779564857483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.2171781063079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2101375162601471}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.8021870255470276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.736807107925415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6892949938774109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151223460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1277601","display_name":"Function point","level":4,"score":0.6204136610031128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91262260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q528074","display_name":"End user","level":2,"score":0.5858401656150818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.5322268605232239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135642988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521737","display_name":"End-user computing","level":5,"score":0.5272017121315002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.519858181476593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5131877064704895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.5029487013816833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4292779564857483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.2171781063079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2101375162601471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184842701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370563","display_name":"Cloud computing security","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85106507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188445","display_name":"Utility computing","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/07421222.1996.11518117","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.1996.11518117","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9954729","display_name":"Journal of Management Information Systems","issn_l":"0742-1222","issn":["0742-1222","1557-928X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Management Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.5199999809265137,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W79334007","https://openalex.org/W191324640","https://openalex.org/W585574227","https://openalex.org/W1480475175","https://openalex.org/W1496821575","https://openalex.org/W1497039936","https://openalex.org/W1508706812","https://openalex.org/W1520103841","https://openalex.org/W1533521253","https://openalex.org/W1566411024","https://openalex.org/W1577034617","https://openalex.org/W1582170352","https://openalex.org/W1607399921","https://openalex.org/W1614518216","https://openalex.org/W1954663826","https://openalex.org/W1968344406","https://openalex.org/W1975855334","https://openalex.org/W1988608094","https://openalex.org/W1994410397","https://openalex.org/W1997834762","https://openalex.org/W2007002884","https://openalex.org/W2027703584","https://openalex.org/W2034255192","https://openalex.org/W2036304864","https://openalex.org/W2042418169","https://openalex.org/W2046589689","https://openalex.org/W2048782799","https://openalex.org/W2060279582","https://openalex.org/W2072356149","https://openalex.org/W2082820885","https://openalex.org/W2089708354","https://openalex.org/W2095032754","https://openalex.org/W2096878712","https://openalex.org/W2107523859","https://openalex.org/W3124865537","https://openalex.org/W4206344531"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2463707775","https://openalex.org/W2006585229","https://openalex.org/W2793508616","https://openalex.org/W2028585187","https://openalex.org/W2081335251","https://openalex.org/W22246684","https://openalex.org/W1997099985","https://openalex.org/W2161971250","https://openalex.org/W2404423610","https://openalex.org/W2036304864"],"abstract_inverted_index":{":As":[0],"inexpensive":[1],"microcomputers":[2],"and":[3,65,79,90,100,108,121,138,174],"easy-to-use":[4],"software":[5],"have":[6],"proliferated":[7],"throughout":[8],"organizations,":[9],"increasing":[10],"numbers":[11],"of":[12,37,40,62,76,86,125,198],"employees":[13],"are":[14],"developing":[15],"applications.":[16],"The":[17,93,147,176,189],"end-user":[18],"computing":[19],"(EUC)":[20],"literature":[21],"contains":[22],"many":[23],"prescriptions":[24],"for":[25],"managing":[26],"this":[27],"activity,":[28],"but":[29],"there":[30],"has":[31],"been":[32],"little":[33],"direct":[34],"empirical":[35],"examination":[36],"the":[38,84,87,126,130,144,154,186,196],"effectiveness":[39],"end":[41,63,77,145,155,199],"users":[42,64,78,156,200],"as":[43,69,103,201],"application":[44,202],"developers.":[45],"This":[46,73],"paper":[47],"describes":[48],"a":[49,109],"study":[50,127,177],"in":[51,172],"which":[52],"five":[53],"different":[54],"applications":[55,89,141],"were":[56,134],"developed":[57],"independently":[58],"by":[59,105,117],"paired":[60],"teams":[61],"IS":[66,71,81,132,162,182],"students":[67],"acting":[68],"surrogate":[70,80,131],"professionals.":[72],"permitted":[74],"comparison":[75],"professionals":[82,133,163,183],"on":[83,91,97,195],"quality":[85,94,111],"finished":[88],"productivity.":[92],"analysis":[95,120],"focused":[96],"technical":[98],"design":[99],"implementation":[101],"factors":[102],"measured":[104,116],"defect":[106],"counting":[107],"subjective":[110],"attribute":[112],"rating.":[113],"Productivity":[114],"was":[115],"function":[118],"point":[119],"lines-of-code":[122],"metrics.The":[123],"results":[124,190],"indicate":[128],"that":[129,149,192],"much":[135],"more":[136],"productive":[137],"produced":[139],"higher-quality":[140],"than":[142],"did":[143],"users.":[146],"fact":[148],"student":[150],"surrogates":[151],"significantly":[152],"outperformed":[153],"is":[157,204],"particularly":[158],"interesting":[159],"since":[160],"experienced":[161],"might":[164],"be":[165,179],"expected":[166],"to":[167,184],"show":[168],"even":[169],"greater":[170],"differences":[171],"productivity":[173],"quality.":[175],"should":[178],"replicated":[180],"using":[181],"confirm":[185],"preliminary":[187],"findings.":[188],"suggest":[191],"additional":[193],"research":[194],"efficacy":[197],"developers":[203],"needed.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}