{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1974191989","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03610918.2011.581778","title":"Intermittent Missing Observations in Discrete-Time Hidden Markov Models","display_name":"Intermittent Missing Observations in Discrete-Time Hidden Markov Models","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-10-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1974191989","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03610918.2011.581778","mag":"1974191989"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/03610918.2011.581778","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03610918.2011.581778","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S153329750","display_name":"Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation","issn_l":"0361-0918","issn":["0361-0918","1532-4141"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081458605","display_name":"Hung\u2010Wen Yeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9904-3275"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128618","display_name":"University of Kansas Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/036c9yv20","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128618"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hung-Wen Yeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["\n Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA","Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\n Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128618"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA,","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022469672","display_name":"Wenyaw Chan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3329-5282"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I919571938","display_name":"The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/03gds6c39","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I919571938"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenyaw Chan","raw_affiliation_strings":["\n Division of Biostatistics, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA","Division of Biostatistics, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\n Division of Biostatistics, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I919571938"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Biostatistics, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I919571938"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088985802","display_name":"Elaine Symanski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9073-8898"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I919571938","display_name":"The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/03gds6c39","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I919571938"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343568078","display_name":"Texas Department of State Health Services","ror":"https://ror.org/022zknp80","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343568078"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elaine Symanski","raw_affiliation_strings":["\n Division of Epidemiology and Disease Control, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA","Division of Epidemiology and Disease Control , The University of Texas School of Public Health , Houston , Texas , USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\n Division of Epidemiology and Disease Control, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I919571938","https://openalex.org/I1343568078"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Epidemiology and Disease Control , The University of Texas School of Public Health , Houston , Texas , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081458605"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128618"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8835,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79197357,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"2","first_page":"167","last_page":"181"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11901","display_name":"Bayesian Methods and Mixture Models","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11901","display_name":"Bayesian Methods and Mixture Models","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10243","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10136","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Inference","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/missing-data","display_name":"Missing data","score":0.8272875547409058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.8254719972610474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5806198120117188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multinomial-distribution","display_name":"Multinomial distribution","score":0.5470061302185059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.459821492433548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.43852147459983826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-model","display_name":"Markov model","score":0.42551642656326294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorical-variable","display_name":"Categorical variable","score":0.4107872247695923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.3952670693397522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3600624203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.31331390142440796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2186954915523529}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9357733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6878417","display_name":"Missing data","level":2,"score":0.8272875547409058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.8254719972610474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5806198120117188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192065140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1147928","display_name":"Multinomial distribution","level":2,"score":0.5470061302185059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.459821492433548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.43852147459983826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163836022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6771326","display_name":"Markov model","level":3,"score":0.42551642656326294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5274069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2285707","display_name":"Categorical variable","level":2,"score":0.4107872247695923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.3952670693397522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3600624203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.31331390142440796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2186954915523529}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/03610918.2011.581778","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03610918.2011.581778","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S153329750","display_name":"Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation","issn_l":"0361-0918","issn":["0361-0918","1532-4141"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332697","display_name":"University of Illinois at Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1550443206","https://openalex.org/W1580162914","https://openalex.org/W1596515083","https://openalex.org/W1974953517","https://openalex.org/W1984514250","https://openalex.org/W1987401658","https://openalex.org/W1995945562","https://openalex.org/W2024291119","https://openalex.org/W2044758663","https://openalex.org/W2049633694","https://openalex.org/W2049663477","https://openalex.org/W2067695959","https://openalex.org/W2072863153","https://openalex.org/W2075359038","https://openalex.org/W2076719829","https://openalex.org/W2086699924","https://openalex.org/W2119984550","https://openalex.org/W2125838338","https://openalex.org/W2157840043","https://openalex.org/W2184445905","https://openalex.org/W2480680997","https://openalex.org/W4300187280","https://openalex.org/W7019607764"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2519761320","https://openalex.org/W2986159101","https://openalex.org/W2887997499","https://openalex.org/W4288027703","https://openalex.org/W2400574502","https://openalex.org/W1995080684","https://openalex.org/W1510894296","https://openalex.org/W2134386692","https://openalex.org/W2082284720","https://openalex.org/W2194396582"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"In":[1],"medical":[2],"and":[3,77,101,237,252],"public":[4],"health":[5,178],"research,":[6],"hidden":[7],"Markov":[8,200],"models":[9],"(HMM)":[10],"are":[11,34,106,159,195],"applied":[12],"in":[13,36,115],"longitudinal":[14,37],"studies":[15],"to":[16,53,95,109,140,147,149,162,170,182,224,232,269],"model":[17],"the":[18,57,99,121,125,134,143,165,176,184,226,240,247,270],"progression":[19],"of":[20,60,87,103,186,215,217],"disease":[21],"based":[22],"on":[23,41,56],"clinical":[24],"classifications":[25],"that":[26,254],"may":[27],"not":[28,44],"be":[29],"accurate.":[30],"While":[31],"missing":[32,72,80,188],"data":[33,69,93,114,242],"common":[35],"studies,":[38],"their":[39],"impact":[40],"HMM":[42,61],"has":[43],"been":[45],"well":[46],"studied.":[47],"We":[48,244],"conduct":[49],"a":[50],"simulation":[51],"study":[52],"evaluate":[54],"effects":[55],"parameter":[58,104,118],"estimates":[59,105],"by":[62,75],"simulating":[63],"complete":[64,113],"data,":[65],"along":[66],"with":[67,70,84],"incomplete":[68,92],"intermittent":[71,187],"values":[73,263],"generated":[74],"ignorable":[76,79,97,123],"non":[78,122],"mechanisms.":[81],"Three":[82],"scenarios":[83],"different":[85,265],"sets":[86],"parameters":[88,132],"were":[89],"simulated.":[90],"For":[91],"due":[94],"an":[96],"mechanism,":[98,124],"accuracy":[100],"precision":[102],"generally":[107],"similar":[108],"those":[110],"obtained":[111],"from":[112,175],"all":[116],"examined":[117],"sets.":[119],"Under":[120],"estimation":[126],"bias":[127,153],"is":[128,137,154,180],"substantial":[129],"for":[130,221,250],"most":[131],"when":[133,157],"latent":[135],"outcome":[136],"equally":[138],"likely":[139,161],"stay":[141,163],"at":[142,164,219],"current":[144,166],"state":[145,167],"or":[146],"move":[148],"other":[150,171],"states.":[151,172],"The":[152,210],"dramatically":[155],"smaller":[156],"subjects":[158],"more":[160],"than":[168],"moving":[169],"An":[173],"example":[174],"mental":[177],"arena":[179],"used":[181],"illustrate":[183],"application":[185],"observations":[189],"using":[190],"HMM.":[191],"Some":[192],"computational":[193],"issues":[194],"also":[196,230,245],"discussed.":[197],"Keywords:":[198],"Hidden":[199],"modelsImperfect":[201],"indicatorLatent":[202],"variableLongitudinal":[203],"multinomial":[204],"dataMathematics":[205],"Subject":[206],"Classification:":[207],"62M05":[208],"Acknowledgments":[209],"authors":[211],"Dr.":[212],"Donald":[213],"Hedeker":[214],"University":[216],"Illinois":[218],"Chicago":[220],"his":[222],"permission":[223],"use":[225],"Schizophrenia":[227],"dataset.":[228],"Appreciation":[229],"goes":[231],"Drs.":[233],"John":[234],"M.":[235],"Davis":[236],"Nina":[238],"Schooler,":[239],"original":[241],"owners.":[243],"thank":[246],"anonymous":[248],"reviewer":[249],"comments":[251],"suggestions":[253],"greatly":[255],"help":[256],"improve":[257],"this":[258],"article.":[259],"Notes":[260],"\u2020Extreme":[261],"small":[262],"\u2021Significantly":[264],"between":[266],"groups":[267],"according":[268],"Benjamini-Yekutieli's":[271],"procedure":[272]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-06T13:50:29.536080","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
