{"id":"https://openalex.org/W5053679","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02693799408901990","title":"Research Paper","display_name":"Research Paper","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W5053679","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02693799408901990","mag":"5053679"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/02693799408901990","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02693799408901990","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181446","display_name":"International Journal of Geographical Information Systems","issn_l":"0269-3798","issn":["0269-3798","1362-3087"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of geographical information systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068705609","display_name":"Max J. Egenhofer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26415053","display_name":"University of L'Aquila","ror":"https://ror.org/01j9p1r26","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Max J. Egenhofer\u2021","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 di L'Aquila, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Eleltrica, 67040 Poggio di Roio, L'Aquila, Italy","Universit\u00e0 di L'Aquila, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Eleltrica , 67040 Poggio di Roio, L'Aquila, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 di L'Aquila, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Eleltrica, 67040 Poggio di Roio, L'Aquila, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 di L'Aquila, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Eleltrica , 67040 Poggio di Roio, L'Aquila, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022629456","display_name":"Eliseo Clementini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3057-7105"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26415053","display_name":"University of L'Aquila","ror":"https://ror.org/01j9p1r26","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eliseo Clementini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 di L'Aquila, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Eleltrica, 67040 Poggio di Roio, L'Aquila, Italy","Universit\u00e0 di L'Aquila, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Eleltrica , 67040 Poggio di Roio, L'Aquila, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 di L'Aquila, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Eleltrica, 67040 Poggio di Roio, L'Aquila, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 di L'Aquila, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Eleltrica , 67040 Poggio di Roio, L'Aquila, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061569658","display_name":"Paolino Di Felice","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3552-0199"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26415053","display_name":"University of L'Aquila","ror":"https://ror.org/01j9p1r26","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolino di Felice","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 di L'Aquila, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Eleltrica, 67040 Poggio di Roio, L'Aquila, Italy","Universit\u00e0 di L'Aquila, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Eleltrica , 67040 Poggio di Roio, L'Aquila, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 di L'Aquila, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Eleltrica, 67040 Poggio di Roio, L'Aquila, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 di L'Aquila, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Eleltrica , 67040 Poggio di Roio, L'Aquila, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.4703,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":242,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97381148,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"2","first_page":"129","last_page":"142"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11596","display_name":"Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11596","display_name":"Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.5278608202934265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formalism","display_name":"Formalism (music)","score":0.5076638460159302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersection","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","score":0.48225218057632446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/closure","display_name":"Closure (psychology)","score":0.4381488561630249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4298231601715088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pure-mathematics","display_name":"Pure mathematics","score":0.37278032302856445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.1680530309677124}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.5278608202934265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73301696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5469984","display_name":"Formalism (music)","level":3,"score":0.5076638460159302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.48225218057632446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146834321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2979672","display_name":"Closure (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4381488561630249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4298231601715088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.37278032302856445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.1680530309677124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558565934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2743","display_name":"Musical","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/02693799408901990","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02693799408901990","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181446","display_name":"International Journal of Geographical Information Systems","issn_l":"0269-3798","issn":["0269-3798","1362-3087"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of geographical information systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W852874","https://openalex.org/W115684691","https://openalex.org/W153731774","https://openalex.org/W1486187394","https://openalex.org/W1499380498","https://openalex.org/W1521171126","https://openalex.org/W1526337814","https://openalex.org/W1558737139","https://openalex.org/W1603382969","https://openalex.org/W1603434919","https://openalex.org/W1651273720","https://openalex.org/W1751356026","https://openalex.org/W1844476468","https://openalex.org/W1849301553","https://openalex.org/W1984067106","https://openalex.org/W2000752696","https://openalex.org/W2002318299","https://openalex.org/W2089868779","https://openalex.org/W2133039566","https://openalex.org/W2133230115","https://openalex.org/W2135432705","https://openalex.org/W2572354147","https://openalex.org/W2600442579","https://openalex.org/W3107709063","https://openalex.org/W4234292388","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W315394019","https://openalex.org/W2923398117","https://openalex.org/W4309585848","https://openalex.org/W2265383332","https://openalex.org/W4328130279","https://openalex.org/W4313657047","https://openalex.org/W2348909947","https://openalex.org/W2002342158","https://openalex.org/W2105009749","https://openalex.org/W4299387245"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,57],"4-intersection,":[1],"a":[2,117,147,160,197],"model":[3,151,185],"for":[4,159],"the":[5,47,52,71,120,125,138,167,173,176,188],"representation":[6],"of":[7,46,54,73,93,102,108,113,127,140,152,163,171,190,200],"topological":[8,23,58,76,128,142,155,164],"relations":[9,24,77,129,143,156],"between":[10,25,60,78,130,175],"two-dimensional":[11,26],"objects":[12,27],"with":[13,28,33,37,63,100,111],"connected":[14,17],"boundaries":[15],"and":[16,49,66,83,91,105],"interiors,":[18],"is":[19,39,68,134,157,181],"extended":[20],"to":[21,124,145,187],"cover":[22],"arbitrary":[29],"holes,":[30,64,95,104],"called":[31],"regions":[32,62,178,203],"holes.":[34,115,208],"Each":[35],"region":[36,82,90,99],"holes":[38,110],"represented":[40],"by":[41,70,206],"its":[42,50],"generalized":[43,81,85,89,98,177,205],"region\u2014the":[44],"union":[45],"object":[48],"holes\u2014and":[51],"closure":[53],"each":[55,92,101,107,112],"hole.":[56],"relation":[59,174],"two":[61],"A":[65],"B,":[67],"described":[69],"set":[72],"all":[74],"individual":[75,141],"(1)":[79],"A's":[80,88,103,109],"B's":[84,94,97,114],"region,":[86],"(2)":[87],"(3)":[96],"(4)":[106],"As":[116],"side":[118],"product,":[119],"same":[121],"formalism":[122],"applies":[123,186],"description":[126],"1-spheres.":[131],"An":[132],"algorithm":[133],"developed":[135],"that":[136],"minimizes":[137],"number":[139],"necessary":[144],"describe":[146],"configuration":[148],"completely.":[149],"This":[150],"representing":[153],"complex":[154],"suitable":[158],"multi-level":[161],"treatment":[162],"relations,":[165],"at":[166,196],"least":[168],"detailed":[169],"level":[170,199],"which":[172],"prevails.":[179],"It":[180],"shown":[182],"how":[183],"this":[184],"assessment":[189],"consistency":[191],"in":[192],"multiple":[193],"representations":[194],"when,":[195],"coarser":[198],"less":[201],"detail,":[202],"are":[204],"dropping":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-08-15T07:11:24.734988","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}