{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7117581886","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21681163.2025.2610800","title":"Exploratory study on fracture identification in hand radiographs using deep and machine learning methods","display_name":"Exploratory study on fracture identification in hand radiographs using deep and machine learning methods","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7117581886","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21681163.2025.2610800"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/21681163.2025.2610800","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21681163.2025.2610800","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764763012","display_name":"Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering Imaging & Visualization","issn_l":"2168-1163","issn":["2168-1163","2168-1171"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging &amp; Visualization","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21681163.2025.2610800","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007633050","display_name":"Subraya Krishna Bhat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1798-3480"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Subraya Krishna Bhat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Manipal Academy of Higher Education"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109939300","display_name":"NirmalaN Rao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neha J Rao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Manipal Academy of Higher Education"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077957497","display_name":"K Prakashini","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prakashini K","raw_affiliation_strings":["Manipal Academy of Higher Education"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121565548","display_name":"Girish H","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Girish H","raw_affiliation_strings":["Manipal Academy of Higher Education"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121534680","display_name":"Shiva Kumar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiva Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Manipal Academy of Higher Education"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085123741","display_name":"Nitesh Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1132-7175"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nitesh Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Manipal Academy of Higher Education"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085123741"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.9349,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97468874,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10992","display_name":"Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies","score":0.16110000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10992","display_name":"Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies","score":0.16110000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11363","display_name":"Dental Radiography and Imaging","score":0.1597999930381775,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3504","display_name":"Oral Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.10119999945163727,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiography","display_name":"Radiography","score":0.6237000226974487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5741000175476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploratory-research","display_name":"Exploratory research","score":0.5019000172615051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fracture","display_name":"Fracture (geology)","score":0.4278999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.3709999918937683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6626999974250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36454342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245341","display_name":"Radiography","level":2,"score":0.6237000226974487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5741000175476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.557200014591217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85973986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091731","display_name":"Exploratory research","level":2,"score":0.5019000172615051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.462799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43369102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2307625","display_name":"Fracture (geology)","level":2,"score":0.4278999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.413100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29694066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118301","display_name":"Orthodontics","level":1,"score":0.3874000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544519230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32566","display_name":"Computed tomography","level":2,"score":0.34950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3190999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.2921000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.2694999873638153}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/21681163.2025.2610800","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21681163.2025.2610800","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764763012","display_name":"Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering Imaging & Visualization","issn_l":"2168-1163","issn":["2168-1163","2168-1171"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging &amp; Visualization","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/21681163.2025.2610800","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21681163.2025.2610800","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764763012","display_name":"Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering Imaging & Visualization","issn_l":"2168-1163","issn":["2168-1163","2168-1171"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging &amp; Visualization","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1560724230","https://openalex.org/W2003976300","https://openalex.org/W2060374620","https://openalex.org/W2073894843","https://openalex.org/W2093352807","https://openalex.org/W2119821739","https://openalex.org/W2134407776","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2310992461","https://openalex.org/W2554892747","https://openalex.org/W2581082771","https://openalex.org/W2776581140","https://openalex.org/W2811374795","https://openalex.org/W2915041319","https://openalex.org/W3002371304","https://openalex.org/W3007935259","https://openalex.org/W3009806105","https://openalex.org/W3011012878","https://openalex.org/W3045460727","https://openalex.org/W3094138545","https://openalex.org/W3136993381","https://openalex.org/W3158653447","https://openalex.org/W4200013359","https://openalex.org/W4388519758","https://openalex.org/W4393257049","https://openalex.org/W4393894930","https://openalex.org/W4393937414","https://openalex.org/W4400400421","https://openalex.org/W4403258195","https://openalex.org/W4405796315","https://openalex.org/W4407201971"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modified":[0],"abstractBone":[1],"fractures":[2],"of":[3,94,97,100,105,122],"the":[4],"hand":[5,33,147],"are":[6],"frequently":[7],"missed":[8],"in":[9,145],"radiographic":[10],"examinations":[11],"due":[12],"to":[13,72,142],"their":[14],"complex":[15],"anatomy":[16],"and":[17,44,61,75,102,136],"subtle":[18],"fracture":[19,34,148],"patterns.":[20],"This":[21],"study":[22],"proposes":[23],"a":[24,88,119,138],"hybrid":[25,128],"deep":[26,110,133],"learning\u2013machine":[27],"learning":[28,53,111,134],"(DL\u2013ML)":[29],"framework":[30],"for":[31,66],"automated":[32],"detection":[35],"using":[36,83],"X-ray":[37],"images.":[38],"Pre-trained":[39],"convolutional":[40],"neural":[41],"networks\u2014ResNet-18,":[42],"SqueezeNet,":[43],"AlexNet\u2014were":[45],"employed":[46],"as":[47],"feature":[48],"extractors,":[49],"while":[50],"six":[51],"machine":[52],"classifiers,":[54],"including":[55],"Support":[56],"Vector":[57],"Machines,":[58],"K-Nearest":[59],"Neighbour,":[60],"Discriminant":[62],"Analysis,":[63],"were":[64,81],"used":[65],"classification.":[67],"Bayesian":[68],"optimisation":[69],"was":[70],"applied":[71],"tune":[73],"hyperparameters":[74],"enhance":[76],"performance.":[77],"The":[78,124],"best":[79],"results":[80,125],"achieved":[82],"ResNet-18":[84],"features":[85],"combined":[86],"with":[87,116],"KNN":[89],"classifier,":[90],"yielding":[91],"an":[92,103],"accuracy":[93,121],"99.86%,":[95],"precision":[96],"0.997,":[98,101],"recall":[99],"F1-score":[104],"0.997.":[106],"In":[107],"comparison,":[108],"end-to-end":[109],"models":[112,135],"performed":[113],"significantly":[114],"worse,":[115],"AlexNet":[117],"achieving":[118],"maximum":[120],"78.06%.":[123],"demonstrate":[126],"that":[127],"DL\u2013ML":[129],"approaches":[130],"outperform":[131],"standalone":[132],"offer":[137],"lightweight,":[139],"accurate":[140],"solution":[141],"assist":[143],"radiologists":[144],"reliable":[146],"diagnosis.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-27T14:10:00.468798","created_date":"2025-12-30T00:00:00"}
