{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3125643311","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21681163.2020.1865839","title":"Validating 3D face morphing towards improving pre-operative planning in facial reconstruction surgery","display_name":"Validating 3D face morphing towards improving pre-operative planning in facial reconstruction surgery","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3125643311","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21681163.2020.1865839","mag":"3125643311"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/21681163.2020.1865839","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21681163.2020.1865839","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764763012","display_name":"Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering Imaging & Visualization","issn_l":"2168-1163","issn":["2168-1163","2168-1171"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging &amp; Visualization","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/bitstreams/486942e8-c3ce-4701-bd3c-8a1bed21bd8a/download","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103048860","display_name":"Zachary Fishman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1838-0913"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210167439","display_name":"Sunnybrook Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/008kn1a71","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323843004","https://openalex.org/I4210167439"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391768120","display_name":"Sunnybrook Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05n0tzs53","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323843004","https://openalex.org/I185261750","https://openalex.org/I4391768120"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Z. Fishman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada","Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1838-0913","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210167439","https://openalex.org/I4391768120"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089978533","display_name":"Jerry Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4743-6675"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210167439","display_name":"Sunnybrook Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/008kn1a71","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323843004","https://openalex.org/I4210167439"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391768120","display_name":"Sunnybrook Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05n0tzs53","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323843004","https://openalex.org/I185261750","https://openalex.org/I4391768120"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jerry Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210167439","https://openalex.org/I4391768120"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042675171","display_name":"Joshua Pope","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210167439","display_name":"Sunnybrook Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/008kn1a71","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323843004","https://openalex.org/I4210167439"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391768120","display_name":"Sunnybrook Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05n0tzs53","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323843004","https://openalex.org/I185261750","https://openalex.org/I4391768120"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua Pope","raw_affiliation_strings":["Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210167439","https://openalex.org/I4391768120"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110717687","display_name":"Jeffrey A. Fialkov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1930-1470"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1323843004","display_name":"Sunnybrook Health Science Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/03wefcv03","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323843004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J.A. Fialkov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada","Division of Plastic Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada","Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1323843004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070333836","display_name":"Cari Whyne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6822-8314"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210167439","display_name":"Sunnybrook Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/008kn1a71","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323843004","https://openalex.org/I4210167439"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391768120","display_name":"Sunnybrook Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05n0tzs53","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323843004","https://openalex.org/I185261750","https://openalex.org/I4391768120"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C.M. Whyne","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada","Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada","Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210167439","https://openalex.org/I4391768120"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103048860"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750","https://openalex.org/I4210167439","https://openalex.org/I4391768120"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9981,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76143528,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"5","first_page":"480","last_page":"487"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11322","display_name":"Facial Rejuvenation and Surgery Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2708","display_name":"Dermatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11322","display_name":"Facial Rejuvenation and Surgery Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2708","display_name":"Dermatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12301","display_name":"Facial Nerve Paralysis Treatment and Research","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/morphing","display_name":"Morphing","score":0.8836724758148193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-reconstruction","display_name":"Facial reconstruction","score":0.6893919706344604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6396105289459229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6309176683425903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.520786464214325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5124252438545227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgical-planning","display_name":"Surgical planning","score":0.4528454542160034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthodontics","display_name":"Orthodontics","score":0.33316245675086975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgery","display_name":"Surgery","score":0.2893746495246887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2843727767467499}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50637493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136781","display_name":"Morphing","level":2,"score":0.8836724758148193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909904977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504033","display_name":"Facial reconstruction","level":2,"score":0.6893919706344604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6396105289459229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6309176683425903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.520786464214325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5124252438545227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779370443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1776627","display_name":"Surgical planning","level":2,"score":0.4528454542160034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29694066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118301","display_name":"Orthodontics","level":1,"score":0.33316245675086975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.2893746495246887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2843727767467499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/21681163.2020.1865839","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21681163.2020.1865839","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764763012","display_name":"Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering Imaging & Visualization","issn_l":"2168-1163","issn":["2168-1163","2168-1171"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging &amp; Visualization","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:utoronto.scholaris.ca:1807/107838","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1807/107838","pdf_url":"https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/bitstreams/486942e8-c3ce-4701-bd3c-8a1bed21bd8a/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400261","display_name":"TSpace (University of Toronto)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","host_organization_name":"University of Toronto","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article Post-Print"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:utoronto.scholaris.ca:1807/107838","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1807/107838","pdf_url":"https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/bitstreams/486942e8-c3ce-4701-bd3c-8a1bed21bd8a/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400261","display_name":"TSpace (University of Toronto)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","host_organization_name":"University of Toronto","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article Post-Print"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7799999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3125643311.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1596515083","https://openalex.org/W1978954255","https://openalex.org/W2046177540","https://openalex.org/W2059775568","https://openalex.org/W2088853964","https://openalex.org/W2089623493","https://openalex.org/W2092290764","https://openalex.org/W2107037917","https://openalex.org/W2124093823","https://openalex.org/W2131604423","https://openalex.org/W2137306662","https://openalex.org/W2150635919","https://openalex.org/W2170384145","https://openalex.org/W2172242816","https://openalex.org/W2251676003","https://openalex.org/W2277958045","https://openalex.org/W2312966432","https://openalex.org/W2323327343","https://openalex.org/W2344188706","https://openalex.org/W2422189810","https://openalex.org/W2521120186","https://openalex.org/W2547473593","https://openalex.org/W2552428351","https://openalex.org/W2582523095","https://openalex.org/W2584229793","https://openalex.org/W2599226450","https://openalex.org/W2894564679","https://openalex.org/W2924032042","https://openalex.org/W4242477083"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1679315481","https://openalex.org/W3151495635","https://openalex.org/W4385170164","https://openalex.org/W4236870338","https://openalex.org/W2016917053","https://openalex.org/W1580681114","https://openalex.org/W2127911712","https://openalex.org/W4292315236","https://openalex.org/W4311282631","https://openalex.org/W2288884546"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Pre-traumatic/pathologic":[0],"3D":[1,22,58,77,83,165],"facial":[2,81,91],"imaging":[3],"is":[4],"rarely":[5],"available":[6],"to":[7,14,25,181],"guide":[8,182],"craniofacial":[9,33,184],"reconstruction.":[10],"This":[11],"study":[12],"aims":[13],"independently":[15],"validate":[16],"the":[17,41,55,66,71,75,118,143,170],"regional":[18],"accuracy":[19,134,175],"of":[20,50],"a":[21],"morphable":[23],"model":[24],"estimate":[26,73],"face":[27,120,166],"shapes":[28],"from":[29,47,117],"2D":[30,48],"photographs":[31,49],"for":[32,137,177],"surgical":[34],"planning.3D":[35],"shape":[36,72,167],"estimates":[37,168],"were":[38,146],"generated":[39],"using":[40,169],"Basel":[42],"Face":[43],"Model":[44],"(BFM":[45],"2017)":[46],"100":[51],"multi-racial":[52],"subjects":[53],"in":[54,142,179,188],"Binghamton":[56],"University":[57],"Facial":[59],"Expression":[60],"database.":[61],"Accuracy":[62],"was":[63,93],"evaluated":[64],"by":[65],"per-vertex":[67],"Euclidean":[68],"distance":[69,87],"between":[70],"and":[74,110,129,156],"true":[76,119],"scan":[78],"within":[79,114],"defined":[80],"regions.The":[82],"estimates\u2019":[84],"average":[85],"RMS":[86],"error":[88],"across":[89],"all":[90,138],"regions":[92,112,131],"2.68":[94],"\u00b1":[95],"0.97":[96],"mm,":[97,152,160],"based":[98],"on":[99,148],"photos":[100],"analysed":[101],"with":[102],"10,000":[103],"iterations.":[104],"The":[105,127],"eyes,":[106],"cheek,":[107],"chin,":[108],"forehead":[109],"mouth":[111],"fit":[113],"~2.5":[115],"mm":[116],"shape,":[121],"representing":[122],"only":[123],"marginal":[124],"perceptible":[125],"error.":[126],"nose":[128,144],"temple":[130],"had":[132],"lower":[133],"(~3.1":[135],"mm)":[136,155],"subjects.":[139],"Significant":[140],"differences":[141],"region":[145],"dependent":[147],"race":[149],"(Caucasian:":[150],"2.4":[151],"East-Asian:":[153],"4.8":[154],"sex":[157],"(Male:":[158],"2.5":[159],"Female:":[161],"3.6":[162],"mm).On":[163],"average,":[164],"BFM":[171],"yielded":[172],"clinically":[173],"acceptable":[174],"sufficient":[176],"use":[178],"planning":[180],"several":[183],"reconstruction":[185],"regions.":[186],"However,":[187],"individual":[189],"cases,":[190],"considerable":[191],"errors":[192],"exceeded":[193],"clinical":[194],"limits.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
