{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3108488329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21681163.2020.1835552","title":"Towards video-based surgical workflow understanding in open orthopaedic surgery","display_name":"Towards video-based surgical workflow understanding in open orthopaedic surgery","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3108488329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21681163.2020.1835552","mag":"3108488329"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/21681163.2020.1835552","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21681163.2020.1835552","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764763012","display_name":"Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering Imaging & Visualization","issn_l":"2168-1163","issn":["2168-1163","2168-1171"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10119197/1/aecai2020_Towards_Video_based_Surgical_Workflow_Understanding_in_Open_Orthopedic_Surgery%20submitted.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019400238","display_name":"Abdolrahim Kadkhodamohammadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1873-6660"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110243","display_name":"Medtronic (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/020hbh524","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091810","https://openalex.org/I4210110243"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abdolrahim Kadkhodamohammadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital Surgery, A Medtronic Company, London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Surgery, A Medtronic Company, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078727112","display_name":"Nachappa Sivanesan Uthraraj","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801259928","display_name":"Royal London Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/019my5047","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I225661044","https://openalex.org/I2801259928"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nachappa Sivanesan Uthraraj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Orthopaedic Surgery Department, University College London Hospitals, London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Orthopaedic Surgery Department, University College London Hospitals, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801259928","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021744341","display_name":"\u03a0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u0393\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5676-0776"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110243","display_name":"Medtronic (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/020hbh524","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091810","https://openalex.org/I4210110243"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Petros Giataganas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital Surgery, A Medtronic Company, London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Surgery, A Medtronic Company, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000058557","display_name":"Gauthier Gras","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2322-8780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110243","display_name":"Medtronic (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/020hbh524","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091810","https://openalex.org/I4210110243"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gauthier Gras","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital Surgery, A Medtronic Company, London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Surgery, A Medtronic Company, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070452814","display_name":"Karen Kerr","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110243","display_name":"Medtronic (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/020hbh524","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091810","https://openalex.org/I4210110243"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karen Kerr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital Surgery, A Medtronic Company, London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Surgery, A Medtronic Company, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032823221","display_name":"Imanol Luengo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6573-322X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110243","display_name":"Medtronic (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/020hbh524","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091810","https://openalex.org/I4210110243"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Imanol Luengo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital Surgery, A Medtronic Company, London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Surgery, A Medtronic Company, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108548451","display_name":"Sam Oussedik","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801259928","display_name":"Royal London Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/019my5047","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I225661044","https://openalex.org/I2801259928"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sam Oussedik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Orthopaedic Surgery Department, University College London Hospitals, London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Orthopaedic Surgery Department, University College London Hospitals, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801259928","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077630267","display_name":"Danail Stoyanov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0980-3227"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110243","display_name":"Medtronic (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/020hbh524","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091810","https://openalex.org/I4210110243"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122016","display_name":"Wellcome / EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03r42r570","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I1299528221","https://openalex.org/I4210087105","https://openalex.org/I4210122016","https://openalex.org/I45129253","https://openalex.org/I87048295"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danail Stoyanov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital Surgery, A Medtronic Company, London, UK","Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Surgery, A Medtronic Company, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110243"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122016","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019400238"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110243"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8611,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91594705,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"3","first_page":"286","last_page":"293"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10916","display_name":"Surgical Simulation and Training","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10916","display_name":"Surgical Simulation and Training","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11984","display_name":"Anatomy and Medical Technology","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13953","display_name":"Digital Imaging in Medicine","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.8850170373916626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5893937349319458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-surgery","display_name":"Open surgery","score":0.44650861620903015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4370250999927521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-shortage","display_name":"Economic shortage","score":0.4336383044719696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.3474835157394409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-physics","display_name":"Medical physics","score":0.3361373543739319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.32174673676490784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgery","display_name":"Surgery","score":0.2546783983707428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.22550207376480103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.16154667735099792}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.8850170373916626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5893937349319458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018900477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755504","display_name":"Open surgery","level":2,"score":0.44650861620903015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4370250999927521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194051981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1337691","display_name":"Economic shortage","level":3,"score":0.4336383044719696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.3474835157394409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.3361373543739319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.32174673676490784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.2546783983707428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.22550207376480103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.16154667735099792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/21681163.2020.1835552","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21681163.2020.1835552","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764763012","display_name":"Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering Imaging & Visualization","issn_l":"2168-1163","issn":["2168-1163","2168-1171"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:10119197","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10119197/","pdf_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10119197/1/aecai2020_Towards_Video_based_Surgical_Workflow_Understanding_in_Open_Orthopedic_Surgery%20submitted.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"   Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging and Visualization , 9  (3)   pp. 286-293.   (2021)      ","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:10119197","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10119197/","pdf_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10119197/1/aecai2020_Towards_Video_based_Surgical_Workflow_Understanding_in_Open_Orthopedic_Surgery%20submitted.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"   Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging and Visualization , 9  (3)   pp. 286-293.   (2021)      ","raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1737217355","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/P012841/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6923427940","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R004080/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3108488329.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3108488329.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2104449113","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2110979832","https://openalex.org/W2266464013","https://openalex.org/W2465748486","https://openalex.org/W2580456502","https://openalex.org/W2587979550","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2808024935","https://openalex.org/W2885269889","https://openalex.org/W2921303908","https://openalex.org/W2962766044","https://openalex.org/W2963566548","https://openalex.org/W2969985801","https://openalex.org/W2979581740","https://openalex.org/W2979775737","https://openalex.org/W2980852587","https://openalex.org/W2996942073","https://openalex.org/W3102408484","https://openalex.org/W3103685091","https://openalex.org/W3106205151"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981780420","https://openalex.org/W2182707996","https://openalex.org/W45233828","https://openalex.org/W2964988449","https://openalex.org/W188202134","https://openalex.org/W2397952901","https://openalex.org/W2029380707","https://openalex.org/W4255934811","https://openalex.org/W2465382974","https://openalex.org/W2010229520"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Safe":[0],"and":[1,5,15,40,46,111,166,172,190],"efficient":[2],"surgical":[3,37,99,141],"training":[4,39,86],"workflow":[6,194],"management":[7],"play":[8],"a":[9,81,93,116,132],"critical":[10],"role":[11],"in":[12,21,80,149,201],"clinical":[13],"competency":[14],"ultimately,":[16],"patient":[17,110],"outcomes.":[18],"Video":[19],"data":[20],"minimally":[22],"invasive":[23],"surgery":[24,75],"(MIS)":[25],"have":[26],"enabled":[27],"opportunities":[28],"for":[29,59,72,164,169,197],"vision-based":[30],"artificial":[31],"intelligence":[32],"(AI)":[33],"systems":[34,189],"to":[35,70,96,108,135],"improve":[36],"skills":[38],"assurance":[41],"through":[42],"post-operative":[43,170],"video":[44],"analysis":[45,195],"development":[47],"of":[48,56,83,182,185],"real-time":[49],"computer-assisted":[50],"interventions":[51],"(CAI).":[52],"Despite":[53],"the":[54,60,125,157,179,183],"availability":[55],"mounted":[57],"cameras":[58],"operating":[61],"room":[62],"(OR),":[63],"similar":[64],"capabilities":[65],"are":[66,161],"much":[67],"more":[68],"complex":[69],"develop":[71],"recording":[73,188],"open":[74,98,150,198],"procedures,":[76],"which":[77,143],"has":[78,144],"resulted":[79],"shortage":[82],"exemplar":[84],"video-based":[85],"materials.":[87],"In":[88],"this":[89,177],"paper,":[90],"we":[91],"present":[92],"potential":[94],"solution":[95],"record":[97],"procedures":[100],"using":[101,115],"head-mounted":[102],"cameras.":[103],"Recorded":[104],"videos":[105,138],"were":[106],"anonymised":[107],"remove":[109],"staff":[112],"identifiable":[113],"information":[114],"machine":[117,192],"learning":[118],"algorithm":[119],"that":[120],"achieves":[121],"state-of-the-art":[122],"results":[123],"on":[124],"OR":[126],"Face":[127],"dataset.":[128],"We":[129],"then":[130,162],"propose":[131],"CNN-LSTM-based":[133],"model":[134],"automatically":[136,158],"segment":[137],"into":[139],"different":[140],"phases,":[142,160],"never":[145],"been":[146],"previously":[147],"demonstrated":[148],"procedures.":[151],"The":[152],"redacted":[153],"videos,":[154],"along":[155],"with":[156],"predicted":[159],"available":[163],"surgeons":[165],"their":[167],"teams":[168],"review":[171],"analysis.":[173],"To":[174],"our":[175],"knowledge,":[176],"is":[178],"first":[180],"demonstration":[181],"feasibility":[184],"deploying":[186],"camera":[187],"developing":[191],"learning-based":[193],"solutions":[196],"surgery,":[199],"particularly":[200],"orthopaedics.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}